Ultrasound Continued Flashcards
What does US do during the inflammatory stage of healing (2)
- Inducing vasodilation
2. Activation of adhesion molecules
How does US work at the inflammatory stage
By modulating the signal transduction pathway using a series of enzymatic proteins and altering protein structural
What does US do to immune response during the repair phase of healing (2)
- Induce tissue debris clearance
2. Stimulate tissue remodeling
How does US improve the immune response during the repair phase of healing (2)
- Anti-inflammatory cytokines down regulate T-cells
2. Redirect cellular activity toward proliferation
What is the frequency response hypothesis central premise
US energy is absorbed by proteins which alters structural conformation of proteins modulating protein function
At what level does US provide an effect
Impairment level
What are the clinical uses of US (9)
- Aiding the inflammatory response to injury
- Connective tissue healing
- Superficial wound healing
- Bone healing
- Pitting edema
- Reducing muscle spasm
- Reducing pain
- Restoring ROM due to scar/contracture
- Stretching connective tissue
How does US aide in the inflammatory response to injury (3)
- Stimulates collagen synthesis
- Stimulates cell proliferation
- Stimulates release of histamine
What are the parameters for US to aide in the inflammatory response of injury
Pulsed: 20% duty cycle, 0.5 W/cm2, 5 minutes
Continuous: 0.1 W/cm2, 5 minutes
How does US effect superficial wound healing (3)
- Increased fibroblast production of collagen
- Increased blood vessel development
- Increased smooth muscle activity
What are the US parameters for bone healing
20% duty cycle, 1.5 MHz, 30 W/cm2, 20 minutes
How does US effect pitting edema
Heating effect from US will liquefy gel-like cellular debris which allows fluid to be removed by massage or elevation
How does US reduce muscle spasm (4)
- Increases blood in area
- Removed irritants
- Reduces pain cycle
- Increases O2 delivery to tissues
What are the 2 ways US reduces pain
- Altering transmission or perception of pain
2. Modifying underlying condition causing pain
What are the 4 ways US alters transmission or perception of pain
- Selectively heats peripheral nerve
- May alter or block impulse conduction
- Increase nerve cell membrane permeability
- Increase tissue metabolism
What are the contraindictations of US (10)
- Near malignant or benign tumor
- Near uterus of a pregnant female
- Central nervous system tissue
- Over cemented joint replacement
- Near pacemaker
- Near a suspected thrombophlebitis
- Over the eyes, ears, and genitalia
- Near an area with infection
- Over areas that have recently been exposed to radiation and radioactive isotopes
- Over areas with active bleeding or susceptible to hemorrhage
What are precautions of US (4)
- Acute inflammation
- Epiphyseal plates
- Fractures
- Breast implants
What is the therapeutic dose of US
The amount of acoustic energy delivered to the tissue per square centimeter
True or False:
The treatment area should be no greater than 3x the ERA
True
How do you calculate the total energy of an US dose
E=P*T
How do you calculate the total energy delivered per sound head square cm
Es=E/ERA
How do you calculate the therapeutic does
D=Es/(S (treated area)/ERA)
True or False:
When doing US under water you don’t really want to touch the patients skin
True
What is phonophoresis
The use of ultrasound energy to enhance delivery of topically applied drugs
What is the US used to do during phonophoresis
Enhance skin permeability
How does US enhance skin permeability during phonophoresis
Alters porous pathways
How does US alter porous pathways (3)
- Enlarging pore radii
- Creating more pores
- Making pores less tortuous
What is phonophoresis typically used for (2)
- Analgesic effects
2. Anti-inflammatory effects
What is the duty cycle for phonophoresis during early subacute stage, late subacute stage, and chronic stage
Early subacute: Pulsed
Late subacute: Continuous
Chronic: Continuous
Do higher or lower frequencies result in better absorption of medicine
Lower frequencies
