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Diathermy Flashcards

1
Q

What does diathermy mean

A

Through Heat

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2
Q

What is diathermy

A

High frequency modality emitting electromagnetic energy

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3
Q

What are the type of diathermy (3)

A
  1. Shortwave
  2. Microwave
  3. Longwave
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4
Q

What are the types of shortwave diathermy (2)

A
  1. Continuous

2. Pulsed

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5
Q

Is longwave diathermy still used today

A

No

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6
Q

What is the most common frequency and wavelength of longwave diathermy

A

1 MHz, 300m

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7
Q

What is the most common frequency and wavelength of shortwave diathermy

A

27.12 MHz, 11m

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8
Q

What is the most common wave length of microwave diathermy

A

2450 MHz, 0.12m

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9
Q

Who regulates shortwave diathermy

A

FCC

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10
Q

What spectrum is shortwave diathermy in

A

Shortwave radio spectrum

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11
Q

What does shortwave diathermy mainly form

A

Magnetic fields in tissue

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12
Q

What does microwave diathermy mainly form

A

Electric fields in tissue

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13
Q

Why is microwave diathermy rarely used anymore (6)

A
  1. Metal in vicinity
  2. Skin burning
  3. Overheating of superficial tissue
  4. Increased reflection at tissue interfaces
  5. Loss of energy to surrounding environment
  6. Hot spots
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14
Q

Does shortwave diathermy use high or low frequency EMW to heat tissue

A

High frequency

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15
Q

What is shortwave diathermy in very basic terms

A

A radio transmitter

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16
Q

What are the available frequencies and wavelengths for shortwave diathermy (3)

A
  1. 27.12 MHz, 11 m
  2. 13.56 MHz, 22 m
  3. 40.68 MHz, 7.5 m
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17
Q

Of the 3 available frequencies and wavelengths which one is rarely used

A

40.68 MHz, 7.5 m

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18
Q

The patient acts as what during shortwave diathermy

A

Radio receiver

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19
Q

True or False:
During shortwave diathermy the patient is “tuned in” as part of the circuit allowing for transfer of energy to the patient

A

True

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20
Q

When is current flow the greatest and example

A

In tissues with the least resistance like fat

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21
Q

When is the current absorption greatest and examples

A

In tissues with low impedance like muscle or blood

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22
Q

What was continuous shortwave diathermy used to treat in the 1930s

A

Infection

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23
Q

Is continuous shortwave diathermy used to treat infection today

A

It is used with caution due to rapid and vigorous heating of tissue

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24
Q

What is pulsed shortwave diathermy (PSWD) used for

A

Creating thermal and non-thermal effects

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25
Q

What does a wider pulse width mean

A

There is more energy generated to the tissue

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26
Q

What is pulse width measured in and the range

A

usec from 20-400

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27
Q

What happens when the pulse rate is greater

A

The amount of energy produce and transmitted into the tissue is greater

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28
Q

What is pulse rate measured in

A

Hz

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29
Q

What are the temperature sensations for PSWD (4)

A
  1. Non thermal
  2. Mild warmth
  3. Moderate warmth
  4. Vigorous heating
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30
Q

What are indications for non thermal PSWD (4)

A

Acute trauma, noticeable inflammation, edema reduction, and cell repolarization and repair

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31
Q

What are the indications for mild warmth PSWD (1)

A

Subactue inflammation

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32
Q

What are the indications for moderate warmth PSWD (3)

A

Pain reduction, muscle spasm, and chronic inflammation

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33
Q

What are the indications for vigorous heating PSWD (1)

A

Stretching collagen rich tissues

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34
Q

What are the pulse width and rate for non thermal PSWD

A

PW: 65 usec
PR: 100-200 pps

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35
Q

What are the pulse width and rate and average watts for mild heating PSWD

A

PW: 100 or 200 usec
PR: 400 or 800 pps
Watts: 12

36
Q

What are the pulse width and rate and average watts for moderate heating PSWD

A

PW: 200 or 400 usec
PR: 400 or 800 pps
Watts: 24

37
Q

What are the pulse width and rate and average watts for vigorous heating PSWD

A

PW: 400 usec
PR: 800 pps
Watts: 48

38
Q

What is ionic oscillation

A

Charged particles oscillate producing kinetic energy

39
Q

What charged particles are used in ionic oscillation (3)

A

Na+, K+, and Cl-

40
Q

What is dipole rotation

A

Dipolar or water molecules (H+ and O-) rotate and produce kinetic energy

41
Q

What are the physiologic effects of thermal diathermy (8)

A
  1. Increase local metabolism
  2. Local vasodilation
  3. Muscle relaxation
  4. Sedation of sensory nerve endings
  5. Increased local perspiration
  6. Increased collagen extensibility
  7. Increased nerve growth and repair
  8. Increased body temp, pulse rate, and decreased BP
42
Q

What are the physiologic effects of non thermal diathermy (7)

A
  1. Repolarization of damaged cells
  2. Regularization of cell growth
  3. Reestablishment of the Na+ pump
  4. Increased microvascular perfusion
  5. Improved cell function
  6. Increased white cells in wound
  7. Altered cell membrane function and cellular activity
43
Q

What are the clinical indications for the use of PSWD (5)

A
  1. Control of pain and edema
  2. Pain control
  3. Wound healing
  4. Nerve healing
  5. Bone healing
44
Q

What are the indications for the use of diarthermy (4)

A
  1. Impairments associated with sub acute and chronic conditions
  2. Tissue contractures/adhesions
  3. Joint stiffness
  4. Stimulation of perspiration to improve electrical conductivity prior to E-Stim
45
Q

What are the contraindications for diathermy (11)

A
  1. Acute injuries
  2. Patients who tend to hemorrhage
  3. Malignancy
  4. Fever
  5. Over eyes
  6. Over ischemic tissue
  7. Cardiac disease
  8. Pregnancy
  9. Over epiphyseal plates in adolescents
  10. Metal in treatment area
  11. Pacemaker
46
Q

What are the advantages to diathermy (5)

A
  1. Tissue can’t tolerate weight of a hot pack
  2. Can reach deeper tissues
  3. Can cause mild rise in temperature of deep tissue
  4. Can treat a larger area
  5. Not reflected by bone
47
Q

What are the disadvantages to diathermy (2)

A
  1. Costly equipment

2. Tissue being treated may not be visible

48
Q

What are the types of electrodes used for diarthermy (2)

A
  1. Capacitor electrodes

2. Induction electrodes

49
Q

What is a capacitor electrode

A

A positively charged electrode that repels positive ions and attracts negative ions

50
Q

Do capacitor electrodes create a strong magnetic of electric field

A

Stronger electric field

51
Q

True or False:

The center of a capacitor electrode has a higher current density

52
Q

True or False:

The patient is placed between two electrodes or plates and becomes part of the electric circuit

53
Q

When using a capacitor electrode what tissues develop the greatest heat

A

Tissues that offer the greatest resistance to current flow

54
Q

Which tissue offers the greatest resistance to flow

55
Q

What are the 2 types of capacitor electrodes

A
  1. Air spaced plates

2. Pad electrodes

56
Q

Are air spaced plates seldom used or used quite frequently

A

Seldom used

57
Q

How big are the 2 metal plates for air spaced plates

A

7.5-17.5 cm in diameter

58
Q

What are the metal plates surrounded by for air spaced plates

A

Glass or plastic guard

59
Q

What types of tissues are air spaced plates good for

A

Areas low in subcutaneous fat such as hands feet wrists ankles spine and ribs

60
Q

What must be done in order to properly use pad electrodes

A
  1. Must have uniform contact with the skin
  2. Several layers of towels between pads and skin
  3. Pads should be apart at least as far as they are wide
  4. Tissue being treated should be centered in the electrode
61
Q

What does increasing the distance between pads do for pad electrodes

A

Increases the depth of penetration

62
Q

What do induction electrodes create stronger magnetic fields or electric fields

A

Stronger magnetic fields

63
Q

True or False:

Induction electrodes induce localized secondary eddy currents

64
Q

Is the patient inside or outside of the magnetic field in induction electrodes

65
Q

What tissues cause the greatest current flow when using induction electrodes

A

Tissues with the lowest resistance

66
Q

True or False:

When using induction electrodes tissues high in electrolyte content (muscle and blood) increase in temperature

67
Q

What are the types of induction electrodes (2)

A
  1. Cable

2. Drum

68
Q

What is a cable induction electrode

A

Coil that is wound flat

69
Q

How big should the diameter of the center coil be for cable induction electrodes

A

Bigger than 6 cm

70
Q

How many cms of toweling should be between the coil and skin with cable induction electrodes

71
Q

True or False:

Spacers are used to keep the coils 5-10 cms between turns

72
Q

What is a drum induction electrode

A

One or more monoplanar coils fixed inside a housing unit

73
Q

What is the depth of penetration of a drum induction electrode if the drum is no more than 1-2 cm away from the skin

74
Q

True or False:

A towel does not need to be place between the skin and the drum because the moisture does not create hot spots

75
Q

True or False:

The housing should be in contact with the toweling for the best penetration

76
Q

What is dose I

A

No perception of heat

77
Q

What is dose II

A

Mild perception of heat

78
Q

What is dose III

A

Comfortable perception of heat

79
Q

What is dose IV

A

Maximum tolerable perception of heat

80
Q

What are the general parameters for diathermy (4)

A
  1. Power
  2. Frequency
  3. Mode
  4. Duration
81
Q

What can the power be up to in continuous mode

82
Q

What is power equal to in pulsed mode

A

Mean power = peak powerpulse durationfrequency

83
Q

What are the parameters for shortwave diathermy (3)

A
  1. Pulse duration is 20-400 usec
  2. Pulse intensity is 1000 W/pulse
  3. Pulse repetition is 1-7000 Hz
84
Q

What does the off period allow for during PSWD

A

Heat to dissipate

85
Q

True or False:
The decay of heating in the target tissue is slower for PSWD than it is for US allowing for more time for manual techniques

86
Q

Does fat have the highest resistance to flow and the lowest resistance to flow

A

Highest: Electric fields
Lowest: Magnetic fields

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