Hydrotherapy and Contrast Baths Flashcards
1
Q
What is bouyancy
A
The ability to disperse water to stay afloat
2
Q
What is Archimedes’ principle
A
An object that is immersed in water experiences an upward thrust equal to the weight of the water displaced
3
Q
In water are upward or downward movements assisted
A
Upward movements
4
Q
In water are upward or downward movements resisted
A
Downward movements
5
Q
What is specific gravity
A
The measure of an objects density in g/cm3
6
Q
What is the specific gravity of pure water at 4 C
A
1.00 g/cm
7
Q
If an object has a specific gravity above 1.00 g/cm3 will it float or sink
A
Sink
8
Q
If an object has a specific gravity below 1.00 g/cm3 will it float or sink
A
Float
9
Q
What is a person with inflated lungs specific gravity
A
0.974 g/cm3
10
Q
What is unity
A
Specific gravity of 1.00 g/cm3
11
Q
What is the center of bouyancy
A
Reference point that only pertains to that segment of the body immersed in water
12
Q
Is the rotary component of gravity compressive or distractive
A
Distractive
13
Q
IS the rotary component of bouyancy compressive or distractive
A
Compressive
14
Q
Where is the center of bouyancy applied
A
The center of mass of the object
15
Q
What does changing the center of bouyancy do
A
Changes the MA of the exercise
16
Q
What is hydrostatic pressure
A
Pressure exerted by the water on the immersed part
17
Q
What is Pascal’s Law
A
When an object is immersed in a fluid at rest the fluid will exert equal pressure on all surfaces of the object
18
Q
What happens to hydrostatic pressure as you go deeper into the water
A
It increases
19
Q
Is it easier or harder to breath the deeper you go
A
Harder because the hydrostatic pressure is higher
20
Q
After 18 feet of diving while scuba diving do you have to do
A
Pause to let the body equalize the pressure
21
Q
What movement speed causes less and more resistance in water
A
More: Moving faster
Less: Moving slower
22
Q
What is viscosity
A
The degree to which a fluid resists flow
23
Q
What is viscosity due to
A
The cohesive forces present between molecules
24
Q
True or False:
The viscosity of water tends to resist movement in all directions
A
True
25
How does increasing the temperature effect viscosity
It decreases viscosity by relaxing the cohesive forces of the molecules
26
What temperature what is easier and harder for exercising
Easier: Warmer water
Harder: Colder water
27
What are the physiological effects of hydrotherapy (6)
1. Cleansing effects
2. Musculoskeletal effects
3. Cardiovascular effects
4. Respiratory effects
5. Renal effects
6. Psychological effects
28
What are the cleansing effects of hydrotherapy (5)
1. Treatment of open wounds
2. Pressure
3. Debriding agent
4. Cleansing agent
5. Can add products to water to improve cleansing power
29
How does the pressure effect cleansing
Softens and removes debris
30
How does a debriding agent effect cleansing
Removes endogenous agents
31
How does a cleansing agent effect cleansing
Remove exogenous waste
32
What are the products you can add to water to improve cleansing power (2)
1. Antimicrobials
| 2. Surfactants
33
What do surfactants do
Decrease surface tension
34
What is nonimmersion cleansing (2)
1. Water picks
| 2. Lavage
35
What are the musculoskeletal effects of hydrotherapy (4)
1. Decreased weight bearing
2. Strengthening
3. Slowed bone density loss
4. Less fat loss than with other forms of exercise
36
Why is there less fat loss with hydrotherapy
Due to the decreased resistance
37
What are the cardiovascular effects of hydrotherapy (1)
1. Increased venous circulation
38
What does increasing the venous circulation do (3)
1. Increases cardiac volume
2. Increases cardiac output
3. Decreased heart rate, systolic blood pressure, and VO2 respone to exercise
39
What are the respiratory effects of hydrotherapy (3)
1. Decreased vital capcity
2. Increased work of breathing
3. Decreased exercise induced asthma
40
What are the renal effects of hydrotherapy (2)
1. Diuresis
| 2. Increased sodium and potassium excretion
41
What is diuresis
Increased production of urine
42
What are the psychological effects of hydrotherapy (2)
1. Relaxation
| 2. Invigoration
43
What temperature creates relaxation and invigoration
Relaxation: Warmer water
Invigoration: Cold water
44
What are the indications for hydrotherapy (5)
1. Subacute/chronic soft tissue injuries
2. Shortened tissues, contractures, and scars
3. Arthritis
4. Open wounds
5. Muscle weakness
45
What are the therapeutic effects of hydrotherapy for subacute/chronic soft tissue injuries (5)
1. Decreases swelling
2. Hastens healing
3. Decreases pain/spasm
4. Increases ROM
5. Increases strength
46
What property of water decreases swelling, hastens healing, decreases pain/spasm, increases ROM, and increases strength
1. Decreases swelling= Pressure
2. Hastens healing= Thermal
3. Decreases pain/spasm= Thermal
4. Increases ROM= Bouyancy and thermal
5. Increases strength= Bouyancy and pressure
47
What are the therapeutic effects of hydrotherapy for shortened tissues, contractures, and scars (3)
1. Causes relaxation
2. Increases extensibility of nonelastic tissues
3. Softens scar tissue
48
What property of water causes relaxation, increases extensibility of nonelastic tissues, and softens scar tissue
1. Causes relaxation= Thermal and psychological
2. Increases extensibility of nonelastic tissues= Thermal
3. Softens scar tissue= Fluidity and thermal
49
What are the therapeutic effects of hydrotherapy for arthritis (3)
1. Increased joint mobility
2. Decreased pain
3. Increases ROM
50
What property of water causes increased joint mobility, decreased pain, and increases ROM
Thermal and bouyancy for all 3
51
What are the therapeutic effects of hydrotherapy for open wounds (2)
1. Cleanses and debrides
| 2. Increases circulation
52
What property of water causes cleansing and debridement and increases circulation
1. Cleanses and debrides= Fluidity and pressure
| 2. Increases circulation= Thermal and pressure
53
What are the therapeutic effects of hydrotherapy for muscle weakness (2)
1. Increased ROM
| 2. Increased strength
54
What property of water causes increased ROM and increased strength
1. Increased ROM= Bouyancy and anti-bouyancy
| 2. Increased strength= Pressure
55
What are the contraindications for hydrotherapy (6)
1. Cardiac dysfunction
2. Respiratory dysfunction
3. Decreased thermal sensation
4. severe PVD diabetic arterial sclerosis
5. Surface infections
6. Acute rheumatoid arthritis
56
What is the rationale for not using hydrotherapy for cardiac dysfunction
Heart cannot adapt to changes needed for thermal homeostasis adjustment
57
What is the rationale for not using hydrotherapy for respiratory dysfunction
Inability to resist hydrostatic pressure, tolerate heat, or both
58
What is the rationale for not using hydrotherapy for decreased thermal sensation
Inability to report overheatting or overcooling
59
What is the rationale for not using hydrotherapy for severe PVD diabetic, arterial sclerosis
Contraindications for heat avoid temps above 95 F
60
What is the rationale for not using hydrotherapy for surface infections
Infections may spread to other areas or cross contaminate via water
61
What is the rationale for not using hydrotherapy for acute rheumatoid arthritis
Contraindications for heat
62
True or False:
| Contrast baths are a form of infrared modality emitting electromagnetic radiation
True
63
Are contrast baths used for superficial or deep heating and cooling
Superficial
64
What is the maximum depth of penetration of heating and cooling
1 cm
65
Contrast baths use which type of heat transfer
Conduction
66
What is a contrast bath
Immersion of a part of the body into baths in which the temperature of the water alternates between warm and cold
67
What is the primary goal of contrast baths
Vascular exercise
68
What is another potential goal of contrast baths
May promote pain relief and desensitization
69
How is a contrast bath a vascular exercise
Alternate dilation and constriction of local blood vessels
70
True or False:
| Contrast baths stimulate peripheral circulation which may stimulate the healing process in damaged tissues
True
71
What are the physiologic responses to contrast baths (2)
1. Vasoconstriction and vasodilation of superficial blood flow
2. Edema is decreased
72
What are the indications for contrast baths (5)
1. Impaired venous circulation
2. Subacute or chronic traumatic and inflammatory conditions
3. Chronic edema
4. Sinus or congestive headaches
5. Hypersensitivity due to reflex sympathetic dystrophy (RSD) and complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS)
73
True or False:
| Contrast baths may be used during the transition period between acute and subacute
True
74
What are the contraindications of contrast baths
The same as hot and cold therapy
75
True or False:
| Whirlpools are a form of infrared modality emitting electromagnetic radiation
True
76
Are whirlpools used for superficial or deep heating and cooling
Superficial heating and cooling
77
What is the depth of penetration for whirlpools
1 cm
78
What type of heat transfer does whirlpool use (2)
1. Conduction
| 2. Convection
79
True or False:
| Whirlpools are a mechanical modality used for debriding open wounds
True
80
What is a whirlpool
A tub of water which is agitated by an electric turbine made of stainless steel or acrylic material that comes in many shapes and size which is used for heating
81
What are the types of whirlpools (2)
1. Extremity tanks
| 2. High-body and low-body tanks
82
What is an extremity tank used for
Immersing distal extremity
83
What is a high-body and low-body tank used for
Immersing larger body parts of the extremities as well as immersion up to the waist
84
What are the therapeutic goals for whirlpool (5)
1. To debride open wounds
2. Same as for those of other superficial heating modalities
3. Same as for those of other superficial cooling modalities
4. To provide a medium for therapeutic exercise
5. To reduce pain
85
What are the physiologic effects of whirlpools (3)
1. Increases hydrostatic pressure
2. Moistens and softens tissue for debridement
3. Agitation effects
86
What are the agitation effects of whirlpools (5)
1. Provide phasic stimuli to skin afferents
2. Increase hydrostatic pressure further
3. Provide a means of grading exercise
4. Decrease the thermal gradients within the water
5. Remove debris and necrotic tissue and decrease bacterial load
87
What are the indications for whirlpool (4)
1. Infected/dirty open wounds
2. Subacute or chronic inflammatory conditions
3. Early peripheral vascular disease (PVD)
4. Muscle weakness
88
What are the contraindications for whirlpool (2)
1. Same as for other superficial heating or cooling modalities
2. Venous stasis ulcers
89
What are the cautions of whirlpool (3)
1. Be certain that the whirlpool is plugged into an outlet that is protected by a ground fault circuit interrupter (GFCI)
2. When using a warm whirlpool for large body area, monitor for signs of faintness or fever
3. Monitor for signs of patient becoming seasick from the motion of the water
90
How do you combat seasickness
Drape a sheet over the whirlpool
91
What temp is very hot
40-43.5
92
What temp is hot
37-40
93
What temp is warm
35.5-37
94
What temp is neutral
33.5-35.5
95
What temp is tepid
27-33.5
96
What is a hubbard tank
A butterfly shaped whirlpool designed so that a patient may be immersed in a recumbent position
97
What is the goal of a hubbard tank
Deliver heat or cold to a large portion of the body to allow for "un-weighted" exercise
