Inflammation and Healing Process

Question 1

What are the 4 phases of injury and repair

Answer 1

1. Hemostasis
2. Inflammatory phase
3. Proliferation phase
4. Maturation phase

Question 2

When does hemostasis occur

Answer 2

Immediately after injury

Question 3

How long does the inflammatory phase last

Answer 3

1-6 days

Question 4

How long does the proliferation phase last

Answer 4

3-20 days

Question 5

How long does the maturation phase last

Answer 5

Day 9 and on

Question 6

What is diapedesis

Answer 6

Squeezing through vessel walls

Question 7

What is blood accumulated in tissue

Answer 7

Hematoma

Question 8

What is blood accumulated in a joint

Answer 8

Hemarthrosis

Question 9

What is the equation for capillary filtration pressure (CFP)

Answer 9

CFP=(CHP+TOP)-(THP+COP)

Question 10

What is CHP

Answer 10

Capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 11

What is COP

Answer 11

Capillary osmotic pressure

Question 12

What is hydrostatic pressure

Answer 12

Pressure exerted by a column of water

Question 13

What is osmotic pressure

Answer 13

Pressure resulting from attraction f fluid by free proteins

Question 14

Does hydrostatic pressure pull or push water

Answer 14

Pushes water

Question 15

Does osmotic pressure pull or push water

Answer 15

Pulls water

Question 16

What are the 3 polymorphonuclear leukocytes

Answer 16

1. Neutrophils
2. Basophils
3. Eosinophils

Question 17

When are polymorphonuclear leukocytes released

Answer 17

The first 24 hours

Question 18

What do neutrophils do

Answer 18

Phagocytosis and release protease and collagenase

Question 19

What do basophils do

Answer 19

Release histamine and increase vascular permeability

Question 20

What do eosinophils do

Answer 20

Phagocytosis

Question 21

What are the 2 mononuclear leukocytes

Answer 21

1. Monocytes

2. Lymphocytes

Question 22

When are the mononuclear leukocytes released

Answer 22

Hours 24-48

Question 23

What are monocytes converted to

Answer 23

Converted to macrophages, collagenase, fribronectin, hydrogenperoxide, ascorbic acid, and lactic acid

Question 24

When are monocytes most effective

Answer 24

In O2 rich environment

Question 25

What do lymphocytes do

Answer 25

Supply antibodies

Question 26

What do B lymphocytes do

Answer 26

Release antibodies into the bloodstream

Question 27

What do T lymphocytes do

Answer 27

Assist B cells in regulation of cloning

Question 28

What does hypoxia do (4)

Answer 28

1. Switch from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism 2. Decreases ATP production 3. Decreases cell membrane function 4. Increase cellular acidosis

Question 29

How does hypoxia affect cell membrane function (3)

Answer 29

1. Na pump slows or stops 2. [Na] in cell increases 3. [H2O] increases, cell swells, bursts

Question 30

What is the process of making collagen from fibroblasts (6)

Answer 30

1. Fibroblasts 2. Procollagen 3. Tropocollagen 4. Collagen fibrils 5. Collagen filaments 6. Collagen fibers

Question 31

What is granulation tissue

Answer 31

Tissue composed of capillaries, fibroblasts, and myofibroblasts

Question 32

What type of collagen is initially formed

Answer 32

Type III

Question 33

When does type III collagen begin to be replaced by type I collagen

Answer 33

By day 12

Question 34

When do the edges of the wound start to pull together

Answer 34

5 days after injury

Question 35

How long does it take the wound to close in muscle or skin

Answer 35

5-8 days

Question 36

How long does it take the wound to close in ligament or tendon

Answer 36

3-6 weeks

Question 37

What is angiogenesis

Answer 37

Growth of new blood vessels

Question 38

What does the scar tissue remaining redder than the surrounding tissue mean

Answer 38

The scar tissue is still remodeling

Question 39

What is the induction theory of collagen fiber orientation

Answer 39

Scars attempt to mimic characteristics of injured tissue

Question 40

What is the tension theory of collagen fiber orientation

Answer 40

Internal and external stresses applied during the maturation phase determine the final tissue structure

Question 41

What is regeneration

Answer 41

Restoration of the tissue that is identical to the injured tissue

Question 42

What is repair

Answer 42

Fibrous scar formation and structural and functional properties of injured tissue altered

Question 43

What is ideal healing

Answer 43

Normal structure, function, and appearance

Question 44

What is acceptable healing

Answer 44

Almost normal structure and appearance but less than optimal function

Question 45

What is minimal healing

Answer 45

Some normal structure, function, appearance

Question 46

What is failed healing

Answer 46

Abnormal structure, function, and appearance

Question 47

Where does a grade I and II articular cartilage tear occur

Answer 47

Superficial layers of cartilage

Question 48

Where does a grade III articular cartilage tear occur

Answer 48

Near the subchondral bone

Question 49

What does ice do

Answer 49

Limits secondary injury

Question 50

How does ice limit secondary injury (2)

Answer 50

Metabolically or chemically

Question 51

How does ice prevent secondary injury chemically

Answer 51

Limits permeability thus leakage of protein rich fluid into the tissue decreases

Question 52

How does ice prevent secondary injury metabolically

Answer 52

Causes O2 debt leads to anaerobic metabolism, which is slower than aerobic metabolism

Question 53

What does compression do (3)

Answer 53

1. Increase external capillary pressure 2. Decrease CFP 3. Decreases edema formation

Question 54

What does elevation do

Answer 54

Decreases capillary hydrostatic pressure

Question 55

What does protection/stabilization do (2)

Answer 55

1. Allows muscle to relax | 2. Reduces pain and neural inhibition