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GOODLUCK > ucsp na nakakatangina ayooko na sa subject na to > Flashcards

ucsp na nakakatangina ayooko na sa subject na to Flashcards

1
Q

permeates life in many ways

A

Religion

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2
Q

as a socially
constructed reality.

A

religion

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3
Q

Religion as a social reality can be defined in two ways:

A

Substantive
Functional

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4
Q

definition is concerned with what constitutes
religion.

A

Substantive

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5
Q

definition is more concerned with the social
consequences of a religion and is a response to the limitation of
the substantive definition.

A

functional

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6
Q

defines religion as a “unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden – beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral
community.

A

Emile Durkheim

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7
Q

Religion came from the
Latin word

A

religare

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8
Q

religare which
means

A

‘to bring together’

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9
Q

relegere means

A

to rehearse
painstakingly

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10
Q

may be defined as “a system of beliefs and
practices by which a group of people interprets and responds to
what they feel is sacred and, usually, supernatural as well”

A

religion

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11
Q

four important characteristics of
religion:

A

1.Religion is a collective phenomenon.
2. Religion is concerned with ordering how we behave in relation to the sacred and/ or supernatural.
3. Religion involves a body of beliefs and moral prescriptions.
4. Religion expects its followers to follow a set of practices that relates to the sacred.

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12
Q

5 Types of Religion

A
  1. Monotheism
  2. Polytheism
  3. Atheism
  4. Animism
  5. Totemism
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13
Q

belief in a divine connection between humans
and other natural beings

A

Totemism

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14
Q

lack of belief in the existence of any god

A

Atheism

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15
Q

belief in single god

A

Monotheism

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16
Q

belief in the divinity of nonhuman beings

A

Animism

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17
Q

belief in multiple gods

A

Polytheism

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18
Q

Those who do not belong to an organized
religious groups are called

A

unchurched believers.

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19
Q

4 Types of religious organizations

A
  1. Church
  2. Sect
  3. Denomination
  4. Cult
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20
Q

is a religious organization that claims to possess the truth about salvation exclusively

A

church

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21
Q

a group or organization whose beliefs and practices are
totally different from what is considered to be orthodox

A

sect

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22
Q

is a large, mainstream religious organization,
but it does not claim to be official.

A

denomination

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23
Q

has negative connotations.

A

cult

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24
Q

These are often
considered deviant groups within a society

A

cult

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25
Q

s a relatively
small group of people having religious beliefs or practices
regarded by others as strange or sinister.

A

cult

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26
Q

The word politics was
derived from

A

polis

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27
Q

polis meaning

A

city states

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28
Q

The activity through which
people make, preserve, and
amend the general rules
under which they live

A

politics

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29
Q

The four views on Politics

A

1.Politics as the art of
Governance
2.Politics as Public Affairs
3.Politics as Compromise and Consensus
4. Politics as Power

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30
Q

Politics as the art of
Governance

A

-Concerned with the dealings of
the State
- Most Common
-Narrowed view
-Non-Government individuals are
viewed as non-political

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31
Q

Politics as Public Affairs

A
  • Broad
  • Beyond the realm of
    government
  • Politics must not infringe on
    personal life
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32
Q

Politics as Compromise and Consensus

A
  • Sees politics as tool for conflict
    resolution
  • The art of the possible
  • Conflict is inevitable but must be
    conciliated (Stoke, 2006
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33
Q

Politics as Power

A
  • Broadest and Radical
  • Practiced not only in the
    government but in all levels
    of society.
  • Scarcity is the main
    ingredient
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34
Q

the ability to achieve
a desired outcome, through
whatever means

A

power

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35
Q

Concerned with
conscious actions that
in some way influence
the content of
decisions

A

Power as decision-making

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36
Q

The ability to prevent
decisions being made

A

Power as agenda
setting

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37
Q

Ability to influence
another by shaping
what he or she thinks,
wants, or needs

A

Power as thought
control

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38
Q

is the ability to bring about
results by exerting social or
moral pressure.

A

influence

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39
Q

The recognition, acceptance, and
support for an existing form of rule or
government as right and proper

A

legitimacy

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40
Q

The kind of moral authority that
keeps society together by virtue
of custom and habit.

A

traditional

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41
Q

Based on the leader’s personal
qualities.

A

charismatic

42
Q

Authority derived from formal
procedures of institutions such
as elections.

A

rational-legal

43
Q

The rules of the game in a
society norm more formally,
are the humanly devised
constraints that shape
human interaction

A

Institutions

44
Q

Organization in a
government that
create, enforce, and
apply laws

A

Political Institutions

45
Q

Those that operate outside of the
formal support and endorsement
of the state structure, though they
might be recognised to some
extent within that formal
structure

A

Nonstate institutions

46
Q

The groups within a culture
that are responsible for
public decision-making and
leadership, maintaining
social cohesion and order,
protecting group rights, and
ensuring safety from
external threats

A

Political organization

47
Q

Form of political organization associated with foraging groups.

A

Band

48
Q

A more formal type
of political
organization than
the band. The
primary basis of
membership in a
tribe is kinship

A

tribe

49
Q

A form of political organization
that includes permanently allied
tribes and villages under one
chief, a leader who possesses
power

A

chiefdom

50
Q

An independent, sovereign
government exercising control over
a certain spatially defined and
bounded area, whose borders are
usually clearly defined and
internationally recognized by other
states

A

state

51
Q

4 Elements of the State

A

1.Territory
2.People
3.Government
4.Sovereignty

52
Q

3 BRANCHES OF
GOVERNMENT

A
  • Legislative
  • Executive
  • Judiciary
53
Q

Make laws, alter, and repeal
laws

A

legislative

54
Q

pertains to both the Lower House
(House of Representatives) and the Senate

A

“Congress”

55
Q

Power to hold settle controversies involving rights that are legally
demandable and enforceable

A

judiciary

56
Q

Determines whether or not there has been a grave abuse on the
part of the government

A

judiciary

57
Q

4 Functions of the Government

A
  • Protecting the rights of the people
  • Ensuring National Security
  • Managing economic conditions
  • Maintaining Social Order
58
Q

The Government has the
responsibility to protect
thee and ensure that
citizens have equal
opportunities to exercise
their rights.

A

Protecting the rights of the people

59
Q

The Government is expected to protect its citizens from
threats

A

Ensuring National Security

60
Q

The Government has
the responsibility to
ensure that everyone
has fair and equal
access to resources
and opportunities.

A

Managing economic conditions

61
Q

The Government must be able to enforce laws that will
maintain social order.

A

maintain social order.

62
Q

a system of government in
which laws, policies, leadership, and major
undertakings of a state or other polity are
directly or indirectly decided by the
“people,” a group historically constituted by
only a minority of the population but
generally understood since the mid-20th
century to include all (or nearly all) adult
citizens (

A

democracy

63
Q

Democracy in greek word

A

demokratia

64
Q

from demos

A

people

65
Q

and kratos

A

rule

66
Q

Consists of hierarchical relationships
among different groups, as though they were arranged in layers, or
strata

A

Social
Stratification

67
Q

Types of Modern Slavery

A
  • Human trafficking.
  • Forced labour.
  • Debt bondage/bonded labour.
  • Descent–based slavery (where
    people are born into slavery).
  • Child slavery.
  • Forced and early marriage.
  • Domestic servitude
68
Q

Associated with the cultures of the
Indian subcontinent and the Hindu
belief in rebirth

A

caste

69
Q

The Indian Caste System

A

Brahmins -Priests
Kshatriyas - Kings/Rules, Warriors
Vaisyas- Merchants, Craftsman, Landowners, Skilled Warriors
Sudra- Farm Workers, Unskilled
Workers, Servants
Dalits (untouchables)- Street Sweepers, Clean up
human/animal waste, deal with
dead bodies (Out-castes)

70
Q

A large- scale grouping of
people who share common
economic resources that
strongly influence the type of
lifestyle they are able to lead

A

CLASS SYSTEM

71
Q

people who have a common relationship to the means of production

A

class

72
Q

the means by which they have gain a livelihood

A

means of production

73
Q

The difference in the status, power, and
prestige that women and men have in groups,
collectives, and societies.

A

GENDER INEQUALITY

74
Q

A group of people in a given society whom
because of their distinct physical or cultural
characteristics, find themselves in situations
of inequality compared with the dominant
group within that society

A

MINORITY GROUPS

75
Q

refers to a type of social identity related
to ancestry and cultural differences. An ethnic
group is one whose members share a distinct
awareness of a common cultural identity,
separating them from other groups

A

Ethnic Minority

76
Q

are groups of people whose
sexual orientation, gender identity, or sexual
characteristics are different from the presumed
majority of the population, which are heterosexual,
cisgender, and non-intersex individuals

A

Sexual Minority

77
Q

someone who has a
physical, mental or emotional condition that keeps
him/her from living a social/functional life which is
deemed to be normal for their peers

A

Persons with Disabilities (PWD)

78
Q

Refers to the systematic differences in wealth and power among countries.

A

Global
Inequality

79
Q

assume that the best possible
economic consequences will result if
individuals are free to make their own
economic decisions, uninhibited by
governmental constraint

A

MARKET-ORIENTED THEORY

80
Q

The poverty of low-income countries stems
from their exploitation by wealthy countries
and the multinational corporations based in
those wealthy countries

A

dependancy theory

81
Q

this theory emphasizes the
interconnections among countries
based on the expansion of a
capitalist world economy

A

world system theory

82
Q

describes the most advanced
industrial countries

A

core

83
Q

are countries that supply
sources of labor and raw materials to the
world economy but are not themselves
fully industrialized societies

A

Semi-periphery

84
Q

describes countries that have
a marginal role in the world economy
and are thus dependent on the core

A

Periphery

85
Q

are worldwide
networks of labor and production
processes yielding a finished product

A

GLOBAL COMMODITY-CHAINS
THEORY

86
Q

A network of labor and production
processes whose end result is a
finished commodity”

A

commodity claims

87
Q

Changes in human interactions and
relationships that transform cultural
and social institutions.

A

social change

88
Q

can lead to intermingling of
cultures, a different culture, lack of resources,
division of labor, and urbanization.

A

POPULATION GROWTH AND COMPOSITIONChanges in culture can change technology; changes
in technology can transform culture; and changes in
both can alter other aspects of society (i.e. mobile
phones

89
Q

Changes in culture can change technology; changes
in technology can transform culture; and changes in
both can alter other aspects of society (i.e. mobile
phones

A

CULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY

90
Q

by natural disasters can lead
to loss of livelihood and many more.

A

natural environment

91
Q

Change also arises from social conflicts such as
wars, ethnic conflicts, efforts by social movements
to transform society, and efforts by opponents to
maintain the current situation

A

SOCIAL CONFLICT: WAR AND PROTEST; SOCIAL
MOVEMENTS

92
Q

A term, popularized by the sociologist William F.
Ogburn, which refers to this lag between the initial
social change and the resulting social change. It is
the ability to create a cultural innovation without
first creating the solution to possible consequences
of this innovation.

A

cultural lag

93
Q

Changes in weather patterns and growing seasons
all around the world are referred to as climate
change.

A

climate change

93
Q

when carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air pollutants
and greenhouse gases build up in the atmosphere and absorb sunlight
and solar energy that has bounced off the earth’s surface. hotter. It
refers to a gradual rise in the average temperature of the earth’s
atmosphere and oceans

A

global warming

94
Q

3 EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE

A
  • water
  • food
  • human health
95
Q

2 effects of climate change

A
  • environment
  • Infrastructure
96
Q

ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE

A
  1. CONVERSE RESOURCES,
    ENERGY AND WATER
  2. REDUCE, REUSE,
    RECYCLE
  3. COMPANIES MUST BE
    THE MAIN RESPONDERS
97
Q

Occurs when people move from one country to another
while maintaining their social ties. With transnational
migration, one develops a bicultural identity in the
country of migration

A

transnational migration

98
Q

3 Factors of transnational migration

A
  • Overpopulation
  • Poverty
  • Unemployment
99
Q

2 Advantages of Transnational Migration

A
  • Economic benefits and labor
    exports
  • Alliance with other countries
100
Q

3 Disadvantages of Transnational
Migration

A
  1. Psychological
    Well being
  2. Destabilization of families
  3. Delegation of
    responsibility
    to relatives
  4. Increased
    apprehensions
    about
    materialism
  5. Economic
    Dependence
    6.Increased apathy
    for the social
    issues of our
    country

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