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permeates life in many ways
Religion
as a socially
constructed reality.
religion
Religion as a social reality can be defined in two ways:
Substantive
Functional
definition is concerned with what constitutes
religion.
Substantive
definition is more concerned with the social
consequences of a religion and is a response to the limitation of
the substantive definition.
functional
defines religion as a “unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and forbidden – beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral
community.
Emile Durkheim
Religion came from the
Latin word
religare
religare which
means
‘to bring together’
relegere means
to rehearse
painstakingly
may be defined as “a system of beliefs and
practices by which a group of people interprets and responds to
what they feel is sacred and, usually, supernatural as well”
religion
four important characteristics of
religion:
1.Religion is a collective phenomenon.
2. Religion is concerned with ordering how we behave in relation to the sacred and/ or supernatural.
3. Religion involves a body of beliefs and moral prescriptions.
4. Religion expects its followers to follow a set of practices that relates to the sacred.
5 Types of Religion
- Monotheism
- Polytheism
- Atheism
- Animism
- Totemism
belief in a divine connection between humans
and other natural beings
Totemism
lack of belief in the existence of any god
Atheism
belief in single god
Monotheism
belief in the divinity of nonhuman beings
Animism
belief in multiple gods
Polytheism
Those who do not belong to an organized
religious groups are called
unchurched believers.
4 Types of religious organizations
- Church
- Sect
- Denomination
- Cult
is a religious organization that claims to possess the truth about salvation exclusively
church
a group or organization whose beliefs and practices are
totally different from what is considered to be orthodox
sect
is a large, mainstream religious organization,
but it does not claim to be official.
denomination
has negative connotations.
cult
These are often
considered deviant groups within a society
cult
s a relatively
small group of people having religious beliefs or practices
regarded by others as strange or sinister.
cult
The word politics was
derived from
polis
polis meaning
city states
The activity through which
people make, preserve, and
amend the general rules
under which they live
politics
The four views on Politics
1.Politics as the art of
Governance
2.Politics as Public Affairs
3.Politics as Compromise and Consensus
4. Politics as Power
Politics as the art of
Governance
-Concerned with the dealings of
the State
- Most Common
-Narrowed view
-Non-Government individuals are
viewed as non-political
Politics as Public Affairs
- Broad
- Beyond the realm of
government - Politics must not infringe on
personal life
Politics as Compromise and Consensus
- Sees politics as tool for conflict
resolution - The art of the possible
- Conflict is inevitable but must be
conciliated (Stoke, 2006
Politics as Power
- Broadest and Radical
- Practiced not only in the
government but in all levels
of society. - Scarcity is the main
ingredient
the ability to achieve
a desired outcome, through
whatever means
power
Concerned with
conscious actions that
in some way influence
the content of
decisions
Power as decision-making
The ability to prevent
decisions being made
Power as agenda
setting
Ability to influence
another by shaping
what he or she thinks,
wants, or needs
Power as thought
control
is the ability to bring about
results by exerting social or
moral pressure.
influence
The recognition, acceptance, and
support for an existing form of rule or
government as right and proper
legitimacy
The kind of moral authority that
keeps society together by virtue
of custom and habit.
traditional
Based on the leader’s personal
qualities.
charismatic
Authority derived from formal
procedures of institutions such
as elections.
rational-legal
The rules of the game in a
society norm more formally,
are the humanly devised
constraints that shape
human interaction
Institutions
Organization in a
government that
create, enforce, and
apply laws
Political Institutions
Those that operate outside of the
formal support and endorsement
of the state structure, though they
might be recognised to some
extent within that formal
structure
Nonstate institutions
The groups within a culture
that are responsible for
public decision-making and
leadership, maintaining
social cohesion and order,
protecting group rights, and
ensuring safety from
external threats
Political organization
Form of political organization associated with foraging groups.
Band
A more formal type
of political
organization than
the band. The
primary basis of
membership in a
tribe is kinship
tribe
A form of political organization
that includes permanently allied
tribes and villages under one
chief, a leader who possesses
power
chiefdom
An independent, sovereign
government exercising control over
a certain spatially defined and
bounded area, whose borders are
usually clearly defined and
internationally recognized by other
states
state
4 Elements of the State
1.Territory
2.People
3.Government
4.Sovereignty
3 BRANCHES OF
GOVERNMENT
- Legislative
- Executive
- Judiciary
Make laws, alter, and repeal
laws
legislative
pertains to both the Lower House
(House of Representatives) and the Senate
“Congress”
Power to hold settle controversies involving rights that are legally
demandable and enforceable
judiciary
Determines whether or not there has been a grave abuse on the
part of the government
judiciary
4 Functions of the Government
- Protecting the rights of the people
- Ensuring National Security
- Managing economic conditions
- Maintaining Social Order
The Government has the
responsibility to protect
thee and ensure that
citizens have equal
opportunities to exercise
their rights.
Protecting the rights of the people
The Government is expected to protect its citizens from
threats
Ensuring National Security
The Government has
the responsibility to
ensure that everyone
has fair and equal
access to resources
and opportunities.
Managing economic conditions
The Government must be able to enforce laws that will
maintain social order.
maintain social order.
a system of government in
which laws, policies, leadership, and major
undertakings of a state or other polity are
directly or indirectly decided by the
“people,” a group historically constituted by
only a minority of the population but
generally understood since the mid-20th
century to include all (or nearly all) adult
citizens (
democracy
Democracy in greek word
demokratia
from demos
people
and kratos
rule
Consists of hierarchical relationships
among different groups, as though they were arranged in layers, or
strata
Social
Stratification
Types of Modern Slavery
- Human trafficking.
- Forced labour.
- Debt bondage/bonded labour.
- Descent–based slavery (where
people are born into slavery). - Child slavery.
- Forced and early marriage.
- Domestic servitude
Associated with the cultures of the
Indian subcontinent and the Hindu
belief in rebirth
caste
The Indian Caste System
Brahmins -Priests
Kshatriyas - Kings/Rules, Warriors
Vaisyas- Merchants, Craftsman, Landowners, Skilled Warriors
Sudra- Farm Workers, Unskilled
Workers, Servants
Dalits (untouchables)- Street Sweepers, Clean up
human/animal waste, deal with
dead bodies (Out-castes)
A large- scale grouping of
people who share common
economic resources that
strongly influence the type of
lifestyle they are able to lead
CLASS SYSTEM
people who have a common relationship to the means of production
class
the means by which they have gain a livelihood
means of production
The difference in the status, power, and
prestige that women and men have in groups,
collectives, and societies.
GENDER INEQUALITY
A group of people in a given society whom
because of their distinct physical or cultural
characteristics, find themselves in situations
of inequality compared with the dominant
group within that society
MINORITY GROUPS
refers to a type of social identity related
to ancestry and cultural differences. An ethnic
group is one whose members share a distinct
awareness of a common cultural identity,
separating them from other groups
Ethnic Minority
are groups of people whose
sexual orientation, gender identity, or sexual
characteristics are different from the presumed
majority of the population, which are heterosexual,
cisgender, and non-intersex individuals
Sexual Minority
someone who has a
physical, mental or emotional condition that keeps
him/her from living a social/functional life which is
deemed to be normal for their peers
Persons with Disabilities (PWD)
Refers to the systematic differences in wealth and power among countries.
Global
Inequality
assume that the best possible
economic consequences will result if
individuals are free to make their own
economic decisions, uninhibited by
governmental constraint
MARKET-ORIENTED THEORY
The poverty of low-income countries stems
from their exploitation by wealthy countries
and the multinational corporations based in
those wealthy countries
dependancy theory
this theory emphasizes the
interconnections among countries
based on the expansion of a
capitalist world economy
world system theory
describes the most advanced
industrial countries
core
are countries that supply
sources of labor and raw materials to the
world economy but are not themselves
fully industrialized societies
Semi-periphery
describes countries that have
a marginal role in the world economy
and are thus dependent on the core
Periphery
are worldwide
networks of labor and production
processes yielding a finished product
GLOBAL COMMODITY-CHAINS
THEORY
A network of labor and production
processes whose end result is a
finished commodity”
commodity claims
Changes in human interactions and
relationships that transform cultural
and social institutions.
social change
can lead to intermingling of
cultures, a different culture, lack of resources,
division of labor, and urbanization.
POPULATION GROWTH AND COMPOSITIONChanges in culture can change technology; changes
in technology can transform culture; and changes in
both can alter other aspects of society (i.e. mobile
phones
Changes in culture can change technology; changes
in technology can transform culture; and changes in
both can alter other aspects of society (i.e. mobile
phones
CULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
by natural disasters can lead
to loss of livelihood and many more.
natural environment
Change also arises from social conflicts such as
wars, ethnic conflicts, efforts by social movements
to transform society, and efforts by opponents to
maintain the current situation
SOCIAL CONFLICT: WAR AND PROTEST; SOCIAL
MOVEMENTS
A term, popularized by the sociologist William F.
Ogburn, which refers to this lag between the initial
social change and the resulting social change. It is
the ability to create a cultural innovation without
first creating the solution to possible consequences
of this innovation.
cultural lag
Changes in weather patterns and growing seasons
all around the world are referred to as climate
change.
climate change
when carbon dioxide (CO2) and other air pollutants
and greenhouse gases build up in the atmosphere and absorb sunlight
and solar energy that has bounced off the earth’s surface. hotter. It
refers to a gradual rise in the average temperature of the earth’s
atmosphere and oceans
global warming
3 EFFECTS OF CLIMATE CHANGE
- water
- food
- human health
2 effects of climate change
- environment
- Infrastructure
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- CONVERSE RESOURCES,
ENERGY AND WATER - REDUCE, REUSE,
RECYCLE - COMPANIES MUST BE
THE MAIN RESPONDERS
Occurs when people move from one country to another
while maintaining their social ties. With transnational
migration, one develops a bicultural identity in the
country of migration
transnational migration
3 Factors of transnational migration
- Overpopulation
- Poverty
- Unemployment
2 Advantages of Transnational Migration
- Economic benefits and labor
exports - Alliance with other countries
3 Disadvantages of Transnational
Migration
- Psychological
Well being - Destabilization of families
- Delegation of
responsibility
to relatives - Increased
apprehensions
about
materialism - Economic
Dependence
6.Increased apathy
for the social
issues of our
country
