RECIT FOR PR (CM 4) Flashcards
Overall strategy to logically and coherently integrate various components/
elements of a study
Research Design
Choose which design best fits your problem and why you see it as best suited to find answers to questions in the SOP
Research Design
5 Type of Research design
Descriptive Research
Correlational Research
Causal-comparative
Experimental
Prototyping
Uses rating scales, questionnaires, observations, etc
Descriptive Research
Used when little is known about the topic and research is exploratory in nature.
Descriptive Research
Determine relationship between
two variables. (E.g., an increase/ decrease in one variable corresponds to
an increase/ decrease in another.)
Correlation Research
Aims to study casual relationship
Causal-comparative
Uses questionnaires, tests, observations
Correlation Research
occurs during the study
itself.
Effect
already established before the study
Intact group
No randomness so it
provides limited conclusiveness in establishing causation.
Intact Group
Members of each intact group may be randomly assigned to either
treatment group or control group.
Ensures greater control for researcher and
less threats to validity of study
Experimental
May be prone to Hawthorne effect
Experimental
(observed change in participant behavior
because of knowing they are part of experiment)
Hawthornes
Not all variables can be experimentally
controlled and manipulated for practical and ethical reasons.
Experimental
Development approach to improve planning and execution of creative
designs
Prototyping
Steps in developing prototypes
Develop a prototype by identifying objectives, identifying risks, formulating a hypothesis, constructing it, assessing its functionality through an experiment, and utilizing the results to enhance it.
Focuses where the research will be conducted. This the location where the
researcher will gather the data.
Research Locale
the process of systematically selecting individuals, units, or groups
out of the entire population to be analyzed in the study
Sampling
what is the goal of sampling?
to make sure that samples are representative of population
3 sample size?
o Heuristics- rule of thumb
o Literature review- Look for studies similar to yours. Check sample size
to prove the validity of sample size you plan to use.
o Formulas:
rule of thumb
Heuristics
Look for studies similar to yours. Check sample size
to prove the validity of sample size you plan to use.
Literature review
National Education Association
formulas
- all participants have an equal chance of being
selected.
Simple random sampling
Best way to obtain a representative sample, Fishbowl method,
electronic raffle/ spin the wheel.
Simple random sampling
population is divided into subgroups/ stratas having
similar characteristics, from which the samples are drawn
Stratified sampling-
Ensure that all
subgroups are represented adequately in the sample, best used when
characteristics of subgroups may influence variables being measured.
Stratified sampling
- population is divided into subgroups regardless of
characteristics
Cluster sampling
what is the cons and solution for cluster sampling
CON: possible inadequate representation of each characteristic among
the population
SOLUTION: large number of samples should be used from the
subgroups
selecting members of the population based on a fixed
interval (every nth value).
Systematic sampling
4 Probability Sampling
Simple random sampling
Stratified sampling
Cluster sampling
Systematic sampling
is a method where each item has an unknown possibility of being selected
Non-probability Sampling
4 Non-probability Sampling
Convenience Sampling
Judgemental/purposing sampling
Snowball Sampling
Quota Sampling
Sample is chosen based on what is conveniently available
Convenience Sampling `
Sample is chosen based on who is knowledgeable or expert in the topic at hand.
Judgemental/purposing sampling
Used when the subjects are very difficult to find or very sensitive topic
Snowball Sampling
Used to obtain the same characteristics found in the population.
Quota Sampling
What are the instruments used to gather data
Test
Observation
Interviews
Questionnaire
- Instrument “appears” to measure variables being studied.
Subjective.
Face Validity
Consider having another coder or evaluator to help gather data when using
more subjective tools (observation, interview, etc.) to improve validity and
reliability
Data Gathering tool
Degree to which an instrument measures the specific
elements it is supposed to measure.
Content validity
Done with a list of specifications provided
by subject matter experts.
Content Validity
Degree to which an instrument measures the variables
being studied, as a whole.
Construct validity
Degree to which an instrument predicts characteristics of a
variable in a certain way, producing similar results to that of another
instrument
Criterion validity
ability to predict results similar to those already
conducted in the past, especially when two instruments are employed
simultaneously
Concurrent validity
ability to predict results similar to another instrument
which may be used in the future
Predictive validity
Consistency of the measures of an instrument.
Reliability
administer an instrument twice and compute the
consistency of scores. Conduct retest in a shorter period of time to record a
higher correlation
Test-retest reliability
– administer two identical tests (same
coverage, difficulty level, test type, and format, but different in wording,
e.g., pre- and post-test)
Equivalent forms reliability
measures how well the items in two
instruments measure the same construct
Internal consistency reliability
measures the consistency used to evaluate the extent
to which different judges agree in their assessment decisions
Inter-rater reliability
Present what you intend to do or what you did in a step-by-step manner so that other researchers can easily replicate the stud
Data Gathering Procedure
*Letter of permission
to conduct data
gathering (if
applicable)
*Informed consent
form
Pilot-testing
What you need
before data
collection:
Describe in detail how your
paper exemplifies research ethics in every step
Data Gathering Procedure
Triangulate results
using two or more
sources and
methods.
During data collection:
encoding,
transcribing, and
archival of data
Analysis and
interpretation
After:
also be used for easier replication in future studies (which also
ensures validity and reliability of study you conducted).
flowchart
usually stated in paragraph form
Procedure
Rests on a number of
assumptions about data
distribution and/ or frequency of
their occurrence
Parametric Test
Have more statistical power
because assumptions are
mathematical in nature
Parametric Test
Can detect whether IV
significantly affects DV
Parametric Test
Used for interval or ratio scales
Parametric Test
Used for sample sizes of 30 or
more
Parametric Test
Used if data distribution is
normal
Parametic Test
measure of heaviness of the tail of the distribution,
indicating presence of outliers
Kurtosis
High kurtosis
leptokurtic
Medium kurtosis
(mesokurtic
(lack of evenness in data distribution
skewness
Low kurtosis
(platykurtic
Negative skew
(left-tailed, right-leaning
Positive skew
right-tailed, left-leaning
the specific procedures that was being used to distinguish and
dissect information about the research topic.
Methodology
the tool that was being maximized by the researcher to gather
and collect the data from the respondents.
Research Instrument
what you intend to do or what you did in a step-by-step
manner so that other researchers can easily replicate the study
Data gathering procedure
