PHILO ENDTERM Flashcards
What is the most important invention in an agrarian society
The wheel
The Bentham’s Utilitarianism
Happiness is quantifiable
The concept of utilitarianism
maximize pleasure while minimizing pain
Martin Bubber wrote the book “Moi et Toi”
False
The society of spectacle argues that not having is vital to start appearing
False
Why did kant say that one is unable to penetrate the Noumenon-
Because you are only an observer
commitment is a non essential factor in establishing relation
True
Why is the question “Who am I” further complicated
We have the opportunity to recreate our identities.
Andre has 50 pesos and he buys an ice cream to satisfy his cravings, What kind of pleasure is this
Bodily Pleasure
He qualified pleasure
John Stuart Mill
Work allows one to achieve self- recognition
True because for self- recognition is only achieved through interaction with others.
This added to a commodity that makes consures consume a certain product
Sign values
An effect of bracketing where one sees the thing which appears as a whole
Reduction
If I am conscious and that I am existing, and the world outside me is also existing, can I conclude that other persons are conscious as well?
Disposed of the problem of the other mind
why is there no recognition between slave to master an equal conscious being?
Because there is no equality being or there is no equal consciousness.
The most genuine relationship according to Martin Bubber
I thou relationship
Religion views death as a transition:
Which true because religion can be viewed as a gateway for us to enter the afterlife.
Extentialist argue that death is a priority of reason
TRUE
A defense mechanism that hides one’s self destructive attitude:
Rationalization
Where statement A has no crrelation to statement B:
POST HOC FALLACY
He coined the term universalizability
Immanuel Kant
This ethical principle deals with happiness
Utilitarianism
deals with the study of the thing which appears
Phenomenology
two elements for morality to occur
freedom and obligation
thinking has become the predominant way of considering our entire world
Enframing and Calculative
where thinking reduces everything into measurable and calculable forces
Heidegger calls this Enframingwhere thinking reduces everything into measurable and calculable forces
This makes human physical interaction more difficult
The Disembodied Subject
gives us the opportunity to show people how we want to be seen (e.g., uploading a profile pic where you feel confident and deleting photos that you feel insecure of.)
Virtual societies
enables us to engage in dialogues and not be conscious of how we look or act in front of another person.
Virtual Societies
(The Virtual Society) members of this society is called
Netizen or a Cyber Citizen
leads to a culture of disposability
Throw Away Society
is a way of life based on the idea of acquiring and disposing of goods and products quickly through Planned obsolescence
Throw away culture
given that one judges and treat people as to what they have
Discrimination
given that a person is made to believe that success is manifested through consumption
Materialistic Lifestyle
as images and signs flood one’s visions and thoughts
Suppressed critical thinking
This means that signs are present everywhere in the consumer society
The Society of Spectacle
we are what Guy Debord called “the Society of Spectacle”
Ergo
The consumptions of the signs and meanings attached to a certain commodity.
Sign Consumption:
are elements added by manufacturers into products via advertising, this gives a certain way for consumers to express their identity, status, and lifestyle.
Sign Values
Company reduced the working hours of the workers and increased their wages. This is now known as
Fordism
his type of person was a result of the efficiency in production where the supply of goods exceed that current demands of the early industrial societies.
The consumer society
the main capital of the post-industrial society with means of production following
Knowledge
characterized as knowledge and service-oriented and Popularized by Daniel Bell
Post-Industrial Societies
paved to the way for wealth and power to be more limited to fewer people called
Capitalist
communication was made much easier due to the invention of the telephone.communication was made much easier due to the invention of the telephone.vv
Industrial Societies
New materials and methods for cultivating plants and animals gave birth to Agrarian Societies such as plow and whee
Agrarian Societies
This enabled some families to be superior than other families as well.
Horticultural SocietieS
This society cultivates and nurtures plans, Their mean of cultivating plants are limited to simple tools like digging sticks and hoes in a small land to be tilled and Men are responsible for clearing the land to be tilled; while women are responsible for taking care of the fruits and vegetablesThis society cultivates and nurtures plans, Their mean of cultivating plants are limited to simple tools like digging sticks and hoes in a small land to be tilled and Men are responsible for clearing the land to be tilled; while women are responsible for taking care of the fruits and vegetablesv
Horticultural Societies
An evolution of the Hunter-Gatherer Society, Usually has 50 to 200 people., This paved the way for some families to be richer than others hence, a centralization of wealth and power to richer families occurred, and This Society also gave way for inequality to occur across generations.
Pastoral Societies
Simplest type of Society, No permanent settlement, Usually has 30 people or less but may have larger numbers depending on the environment but not reaching 100 and Mostly egalitarian and decisions are through consensus
Hunting and Gathering Societies
Refers to the different types of societies that emerge before the 18th century or prior to the Industrial Revolution
Pre-Industrial Societies
where he proved the existence of the thinking I with the contention that that the soul’s existence is clearer than the body. This focuses on the Problem of the other Minds.
Rene Descartes
This allows us to recognize what other people are going through
Empathy
This type of person listens to the other but only as an object that needs to be addressed and understood and not as a person.
Dialogue in the I – IT relationship
fails to have a dialogical relationship
The I-It relationship
is open to listening.
Dialogue in the I – IT relationship
is basically a speech.
The I-I relation
the foundation of this relationship is a genuine form of conversation
The Dialogue
the most genuine relationship and would treat the other as a conscious being and would not treat them as a means to and ends or as an object.
I- thou
would treat a conscious being as an object
I-it relationship
these people may interact with other conscious beings, but they don’t develop any interest in other people or things.
I-I relationship
Martin Buber introduced three types of relationship in his book
Ich Und Du
where desires to obtain an object in order to be recognized.
Mediated Recognition
The desire for recognition may not necessarily be directed immediately to another person, but mediated by objects – thus, a mediated recognition.
Mediated Recognition
The essential element of this relationship is in the possession of another (treated as a property)
Relationship of possession
a relationship of domination and may be expressed indifferent forms such as intimidation, harassment, discrimination, mistreatment, persecution, and many more.
Bullying
The master and slave is evident by
domination and subjugation.
The master does not automatically get recognition from the slave.
Equality
The slave performs the work for the master and the master fails to experience the transformative effect of work.
Work
relationship where the latter is bought by the former as a form of property
Master-Slave
who developed a dialectical scheme that emphasized the progress of history and of ideas from thesis to antithesis and hence to a synthesis.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel
it is a product of our interaction with our world.
Self-consciousness
can never be achieved in isolation
Self-consciousness
the existing collective presuppositions which guide or influence the way we perceive.
The “life-world”
There is an undeniable existence of meanings shared by a community, which he calls the
Lifeworld
The establishment of knowledge is the product of agreement and confirmation of others.
Epistemological intersubjectivity
The objectivity of knowledge for Husserl requires the perspective of others.
Epistemological intersubectivity
I cannot reduce others to my perception of them and I would not like to be reduced to someone else’s perception of myself.
Ethical Intersubjectivity
which means suspension of judgements concerning the reality and existence of the world.
Bracketing
This is a philosophical basis that the self alone is the only thing certain and the only basis of reality
Solipsism
Solipsism comes from the Latin words
solus
words solus, meaning
alone and ipse
meaning alone and ipse, meaning
self
which gives meaning to the contents of its consciousness.
Transcendental ego
After bracketing is transcendental reduction wherein, we look at a phenomenon as a whole and find what is essential to the experience.
Reduction
is intentional
consciousness
the “father” of the philosophical movement known as phenomenology.
Edmund Husserl
a natural attitde in a way of looking at things beyond that which appears.
Stereotyping
formulated this method because apparently, we tend to go beyond that which appears.
stereotyping
means a study of that which appears.
Phenomenology
which mean that which appears and study respectively.
words phainomenon and logos
came from two Greek words phainomenon and logos
Phenomenology
the existence of the soul is more distinct and clearer than the existence of the body.
For Descartes
The “I” in the statement is only the
thinker or the knower
did not prove the existence of man when he said “Cogito ergo sum.
Mind and Body Dualism Rene Descartes
the process of offering justifications or reasons to cover-up or clothe an already arrived at decision meant to hide one’s true negative or destructive motive, to become an acceptable course of action
Rationalization
usually employed for propaganda purposes
Emotive term
attempt to make a universal statement using “all” based only on a few cases observed.
A hasty generalization
the summum bonum or the ultimate goal for utilitarianism
Happiness
construed as the maximization of pleasure and the avoidance of pain in order to promote happiness.
Utilitarianism
It is mostly base on consequences
Teleological Ethics
word telos, meaning
end, goal, or purpose.
Teleology came from the root word
telos,
deals with how a person will act according to a given situation.
Practical Choice
the question what we ought to do according to a normative ethical system.
Intellectual choice
why are some animals able to solve simple problems?
Animals have pre-reflective morality since they are not capable of the that humans are able to do wide range of deliberation, Reflection, concept construction,and rational and critical thinking
the result of reflection where the human person is endowed with the capacity to think using his rationality and to weigh the consequences of his actions.
Conduct
a deliberate human action.
Conduct
construed as one’s duty to himself to exercise this freedom as a rational moral being.
Obligation
assumed when one is making his choices and is the agent that is taking full responsibility for his actions
Freedom
two conditions for morality to occur:
Freedom and obligation
guiding principle in its simplest formulation which could be stated as the Universalizability principleprinciple
Categorical Imperative
responsible for the cognition of the law of morality in the form of the Categorical Imperative.
Practical law
the objective principle of volition prescribing what ought to be done.
Practical Law
vital for the recognition of the foundation of morality
Goodwill
then truly exercised since our reason tells us what we ought to do.
Freedom
the mental faculty that enables agents to deliberate about what they ought to do and to act on the basis of such deliberation
Practical Reason
which includes objective foundation of morality, the categorical imperative.
phenomena
provides the possibility for one to have the knowledge of phenomena
practical reason
provides the a priori (before experience) source of knowledge
Pure Reasons
Kant claimed that the mind is endowed into two (2) faculties
pure reason and the faculty of pure intuition.
which one’s mind is capable of interpreting and understanding.
Phenomena
Kant claimed that as humans, we perceive the world as
Phenomena
german philosopher made an exhaustive elaboration of deontological ethics in his book entitled Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals (1785).
Immanuel Kant
meaning duty
Dein
An ethics based on duty and is derived from the Greek word
Dein
evaluative reasoning due to the evaluation of the argument from the moral point of view.
Moral Reasoning
must contain an analysis of what is considered as good or bad.
Moral Arguments
The result of the process of reasoning or inference is an
argument
the search for a statement that be made to yield a new statement which is its conclusion
Argument
a process of examining moral arguments
Moral reasoning
-reflect one’s own choice regarding what to be part of one’s life, and this becomes the basis of future actions
Moral decisions
values that take precedence over other values
Moral values-
result of value experience. These are the imperatives one sets upon himself.
Values
when one is in the process of choosing among alternatives and setting priorities to do so.
Value experience
don’t have a capacity for deliberation
Animals
The animal’s best have is
pre-reflective morality.
described as conduct
Human behavior
deliberate human action
Conduct-
an act distinct to humans that requires reflection and exercise of rationality
Deliberation
taking up one’s duty to oneself to exercise this freedom as a moral being
Obligation
being able to make choices and taking full responsibility in planning one’s life
Freedom
the basis of mores or customs.
Folkways
the basis of mores or customs.
Folkways
This notion of what is right is what we call
folkways
comes from the root word “mores”.
Morality
s now the accepted
medical criterion for death.
Irreversible coma (brain dead)
death is now defined as
transition
means to have possibilities;
To be—to exist
means to lose all the possibilities.
“not to be- not to exist”
generally considered a morally impermissible act
suicide
s wrong based on the perspective of natural law because
man’s natural disposition is self – preservation.
suicide
This is also called mercy killing.
euthanasia
can either be active or
passive, depending of the method.
euthanasia
It can also be voluntary, involuntary, or
non-voluntary, depending on the
consent of the patient
euthanasia
contradicts the role
of physicians.
euthanasia
This is defined as an act which intends to bring about the
death of a fetus for the sake of the woman who carries it.
abortion
becomes moral if the child will not have a bright future because of biological
defects.
abortion
deprives us from our future
killing
intrinsically wrong because promotes pre-mature
death
killing
criticized the existence of
the afterlife for it takes away man’s focus on
the things that are concrete
Friedrich Nietzsche
considered as
the Father of Existentialism
Soren Kierkegaard
the concern of faith and
not the concern of reason
After life
is the existential
awareness of non-being.
Anxiety
Deals with the systematic questioning and critical
examination of the underlying principles of
morality
Ethics
Comes from the Greek word which refers to the “ethos”
Refers to a character of a culture
which are the customs
including the customary behavior of a particular group of people
mores
Meant to answer the question “What is good?”
Normative Ethics
It pertains to certain norms or standards for goodness
and badness, rightness of wrongness of an act.
Normative ethics
where its standards of
morality are based.
Moral framework
Questions the basis of assumptions proposed in a
framework of norms and standards by normative
ethics
Meta-Ethics
Examines the presuppositions, meanings, and
justifications of ethical concepts, and principles
Meta-Ethics
describes how we apply normative theories to specific issues
Applied Ethics
3 formed from
society
Sanctions,customs, habits
threatened penalty for disobeying a
law or rule
sanctions
a traditional and widely accepted way of
behaving or doing something that is specific to
a particular society, place, or time.
customs
a settled or regular tendency or practice,
especially on that which is hard to give up
habits
s the most important class of moral judgements
because it has reference to the judger’s own future.”
moral decisions
budgeting actions
moral judgements
2 kant metaphysics
phenomena
noumena
The thing-in-itself (das Ding an sich)
noumena
an ethic based on duty
Deontological ethics
Provide a posteriori
knowledge (after experience
Pure Intuition of Space and Time
something that we are unconditionally
obliged to do, with no regard to the consequences
categorical imperative
good in it self without qualification
practical reason
had the notion that pleasure is quantifiable
Jeremy Bentham
defense mechanism recognized by psychologists
Rationalization
