CM 2 SA PHILO_SHIT Flashcards
“The safest characterization of western philosophy is that of a
series of footnotes to Plato.”
Alfred North Whitehead
known through the use of five senses.
Sensible World
known through the use of the intellect paving basis for
knowledge.
Intelligible World
Visible Realm (Opinion)
Doxa
Invisible Realm (Knowledge)
Episteme
- What seems to be
- Sensible world/ world of experience
Visible Realm (Opinion)
- Genuine Knowledge
- Intelligible World
Invisible Realm (Knowledge)
Imagination
Eikasia
Represented by the shadows seen by the prisoners
Eikasia
Objects in this realm include poetry and works of art
Eikasia
Conviction or belief
Pistis
Represented by the names of the shadows that are seen.
Pistis
This include political, moral, and religious belief
Pistis
Mathematical Knowledge
Dianoia
Objects outsides the cave
Dianoia
Understanding of scientific, mathematical, or abstract hypothesis
Dianoia
Dialetic Knowledge and metaphysics
Noesis
Represented by the sun
Noesis
Grasping of complete and perfect knowledge of the forms of ideas
Noesis
“The Paper Chase” An extreme version of this technique
is employed by the infamous
professor
, Dr. Kingsfield,
An extreme version of this technique
is employed by the infamous
professor, Dr. Kingsfield, portrayed
by
John Houseman in the 1973
movie, “The Paper Chase.”
is a dialectical method introduced by Socrates
The Socratic Method
is a series of questions and answers that usually
lead to an endless argument
The Socratic Method
Socrates use the socratic method on
Sophist
thought that wisdom can be treated as a skill or techne that can be
taught to anyone
Sophist
– were known to be the first professional teachers.
Sophist
sophists treated wisdom as a skill which could be taught
to anyone interested in becoming wise.
Skill/techne-
The 5 stages of socratic Dialog
Wonder
Reflect
Refine and cross-examine
Restate
Repeat
receive what the other person has to say, listen to their view or premise
Wonder
Sum up the person’s viewpoint and clarify your understanding of what you have heard.
Reflect
Ask the person to provide evidence that supports their view. Discover the thoughts, assumptions and facts underlying their beliefs. Challenge these assumptions to test their validity.
Refine and cross-examine
“Why” questions are frequently used in this stage to identify any fallacies in their reasoning.
Refine and cross-examine
the new assumption resulting from the inquiry.
Restate
Start back at the beginning with the new assumptions. This iterative process helps drill the premise down to the core issues in an attempt to strip away all fallacies and to arrive at the truth, best answer, most appropriate decision – whatever you happen to be looking for
Repeat
“In order to examine into the truth, it is necessary, once in one’s life to
doubt of all things, so far as this is possible.”
Rene Descartes
“The safest characterization of western philosophy is that of a
series of footnotes to Plato.”
Alfred North Whitehead
believed that knowledge Can proceed or start from very few premises or starting points like his model of mathematics.
Meditations on First Philosophy
believed that the objects that we see, and feel can be
deceiving.
Descartes
is a form of thinking.
Doubting
The method of doubting of “ Cogito ergo sum”
Skepticism
3 Nature of Knowledge
Perception > Abstraction > Judgement
This stage does not make us different from animals. T
Perception
2 types of perception
Internal and External Perception
Imagination and memory.
Internal
The product is an image or phantasm.
Internal
Senses that perceive the world.
External
The product is percept
External
This stage distinguishes us from animals.
Abstract
This is sometimes
called simple apprehension.
Abstract
“simple apprehension is the act of perceiving the object
intellectually, without affirming or denying anything
concerning it. To apprehend is to take hold of the thing as if
with the hand; an apprehension, as an act of the mind, is an
intellectual grasping of an object.”v
According to Charles Coppens,
“simple apprehension is the act of perceiving the object
intellectually, without affirming or denying anything
concerning it. To apprehend is to take hold of the thing as if
with the hand; an apprehension, as an act of the mind, is an
intellectual grasping of an object.” The product of this
process is called a
Concept
Once words are associated with
concepts, they are called
Terms
This stage involves affirming or denying concepts
Judgement
The act of judgement is combining two or more
concepts together.
Putting two or more concepts together to
make a statement or proposition.
This completes the act of the mind for knowledge to become
possible
Judgement
2 Types of Statements
- Analytic Statements
- Empirical Statements
The truth or falsity of the knowledge claim being
made by
Analytic Statement
are also identified as truths of
language, truths of reason, maters of logic, A Priori, or
formal statements.
Analytic Statement
Its truth or falsity depends on the state of affairs being
claimed.
Empirical Statement
You will not be able to discover the truth of the statement
by mere analysis of the key terms but you have to go
outside of the statement and to look and to see whether
the state of affairs claimed actually corresponds with the
empirical world.
Empirical Statement
It is also identified as truths of fact, synthetic, matters of
fact, or a posteriori.
Empirical System
2 types of knowledge
Formal and emperical knowledge
Includes mathematics, logic, linguistics etc.
Formal knowledge
Method of validation depends entirely on the particular
system being used.
Formal knowledge
Includes hard sciences and soft sciences
Emperical Knowledge
Takes emphasis and makes useof the data or the content from experience and its correspondence with the state of
affairs to establish the truth or falsity of their knowledge
claims from these empirical sciences.
Emperical knowledge
can often be used to mislead people
Logical fallacies
Unfairly attacking a person instead of the issue. Attacking the character and/or reputation of a position’s supporters; “Guilty by association
Ad Hominem (Argument Against Man)
Occurs when an opponent’s position is misinterpreted to make it easier to critique. Just like a …. resembling an actual man, an argument is presented
that resembles the original argument but is not the actual
argument.
Strawman
This line of reasoning
fails by limiting the options to two when there are in fact more
options to choose from. Sometimes the choices are between one thing, the other thing, or both things together (they don’t
exclude each other).
False Dilemma/False Dichotomy -
When a person’s argument is just repeating what they already assumed beforehand, it’s not arriving at any new conclusion. We call this a circular argument or circular reasoning.
Circular Argument/ Begging the Question (Petitio
principii)
are typically related to the issue in question but aren’t quite relevant enough to be
helpful. Instead of clarifying and focusing they confuse and
distract
Red Herring (Ignorantio Elenchi) -
Fallacy assumes something is true (or right, or good) because other people agree with it. A couple different fallacies can be
included under this label, since they are often
indistinguishable in practice.
Bandwagon Fallacy (Argumentum ad Populum) -
Personal attacks, and emotional appeals, aren’t strictly relevant to whether something is true or false. In this case, the fallacy
appeals to the compassion and emotional sensitivity of others
when these factors are not strictly relevant to the argument.
Appeal to Pity (Argumentum ad Misericordiam)
This fallacy happens when we misuse an authority. This misuse of authority can occur in a number of ways. We can cite only authorities—steering conveniently away from other testable and concrete evidence as if expert opinion is always correct. Or we can cite irrelevant authorities, poor authorities, or false authorities.
Appeal to Authority (Argumentum ad Verecundiam) -
True and real knowledge exist in the
World of forms
describes the process of the
enlightenment of the soul
The Allegory of the Cave
This ascent of the soul from the
world of opinion to the world of knowledge is called
Plato’s
Divided line
the Allegory of the Cave
represents
Plato’s approach to ideas
“You wouldn’t understand since you have never struggled”
Ad hominem(Arguments against man)
” You think we should invest more in education? So, you must be suggesting that we throw unlimited funds at school without any accountability or oversight”
Strawman Fallacy
“therefore, flying saucers don’t exist”
Appeal to ignorance
“All or nothing”
False dilemma/ false dochotomy
“It is time you go to bed because it is your bedtime”
Circular argument/ begging the question
“In order to really look at the problem of Global warming, we must first consider how the homeless suffer when it is cold.”
Red herring/ Ignorantio elenchi
” I want an ipad because that where the all celebrity have”
Bandwagon (Argumentum ad populum)
“i’am positive that my work will meet your requirements. I really need the job since my grandmother is sick.”
Appeal to pity( Argumentum ad misericordiam)
“I need to detox!My chiropractor said everyone should.”
Appeal to authority (Argumentum)
