UCSP endterm exam Flashcards
—- understands religion as a socially
constructed reality. This means that—–
- social scientific approach
2.t religion is shaped by the
interaction of its human agents (leaders, followers, activists, innovators, and even non-believers) and their sociohistorical
contexts.
Religion as a social reality can be defined in two ways:
- Substantive definition is concerned with what constitutes religion.
Ex. Rituals, Gods - Functional definition is more concerned with the social consequences of a religion and is a response to the limitation of
the substantive definition.
Ex. - Conflict- the use of equal society
4.sociological - it aids capitalism and should live simply
defines religion as a “unified system of beliefs and practices relative to sacred things, that is to say, things set apart and
forbidden – beliefs and practices which unite into one single moral
community.”
Emile Durkheim
Religion came from the
Latin word
religare which
means ‘to bring together’
and relegere, ‘to rehearse
painstakingly’ as in the case
of collective rituals
5 Types of Religion
- Monotheism – belief in single god
- Polytheism – belief in multiple gods
- Atheism – lack of belief in the existence of any god
- Animism – belief in the divinity of nonhuman beings
- Totemism – belief in a divine connection between humans
and other natural beings
Those who do not belong to an organized
religious groups are called
unchurched believers.
4 Types of religious organizations
- Church- is a religious organization that claims to possess the truth about salvation exclusively. Ex. is the Roman
Catholic Church. - Sect- is a group or organization whose beliefs and practices are
totally different from what is considered to be orthodox, or a breakaway group from a mainstream religion with radically different beliefs ex. Iglesia ni cristo - Denomination is a large, mainstream religious organization, but it does not claim to be official
- The term cult has negative connotations. These are often considered deviant groups within a society. A cult is a relatively
small group of people having religious beliefs or practices regarded by others as strange or sinister.
consists of hierarchical relationships among
different groups, as though they were arranged in layers, or strata.
Social stratification
Is an extreme form of inequality in which
some individuals are literally owned by others as property.
Slavery
is associated with the cultures of the Indian subcontinent
and the Hindu belief in rebirth.
caste
one’s social
status is given for life.
caste system, This means that all individuals must remain at the social level of their birth throughout their life
Indian caste system
Brahmins- Priest
Kshatriyas- King/Rules, warriors
Vaisyas- Merchant, Craftsman, Landlord
Sudra- Farm workers, Unskilled workers, Servants
Dalits (Untouchables)- Street Sweeper, Animal waste, Deal with dead bodies
as a large- scale grouping of people who
share common economic resources that strongly influence the
type of lifestyle they are able to lead
Class
is the movement of individuals or groups
between different social positions
Social mobility
the term class refers to people who have a common relationship to the means of production—the means by which
they gain a livelihood.
For Karl Max
own the means of production
bourgeoisie, or
capitalists
earn their living by
selling their labor to the capitalists
Proletariat
refers to differences among groups in the social honor, or prestige, that others accord them
Status
The mixing of different or combination religious beliefs and practices is called
religious syncretism
that is different from the original parent religion
folk religion
Ex. sto nino, black nazarene
folk catholicism
as the difference in the
status, power, and prestige that women and men have in groups,
collectives, and societies. L
gender inequality
is when women hold
occupations of lower status and pay, such as secretarial and retail positions, and men hold jobs of higher status and pay, such as managerial and professional positions.
gender typing
unwanted or repeated sexual advances,
remarks, and behavior that are offensive to the recipient and cause discomfort or interfere with job performance
Sexual Harassment
is a group of people in a given society who,
because of their distinct physical or cultural characteristics, find
themselves in situations of inequality compared with the dominant group within that society.
minority group
3 Different minority group
- Ethnicity refers to a type of social identity related to ancestry and cultural differences. An ethnic group is one whose members share a distinct awareness of a common cultural identity, separating them from other groups.
- Sexual minorities are groups of people whose sexual orientation, gender identity, or sexual characteristics are different from the
presumed majority of the population, which are heterosexual, cisgender, and non-intersex individuals - Person with disabilities is someone who has a physical, mental or emotional condition that keeps him/her from living a social/functional life which is deemed to be normal for their
peers.
refers to the systematic differences in wealth
and power among countries
Global Inequality
4 Theories of Global Inequality
- Market- oriented theories- These theories assume that the best possible economic
consequences will result if individuals are free to make their own economic decisions. - Dependency theories- Adherents to dependency theories argue that the poverty of low income countries stems from their exploitation by wealthy countries and the multinational corporations based in those
wealthy countries. - World-Systems Theory- Pioneered by Immanuel Wallerstein, this theory emphasizes the interconnections among countries based on the expansion of a capitalist world economy
- Global Commodity-Chains Theory
This approach provides important insights into how different countries and regions are affected positively or negatively by the ways in which they connect with global commodity chains
which argues
that low-income societies develop economically only if they give
up their traditional ways and adopt modern economic
institutions, technologies, and cultural values that emphasize
savings and productive investment.
modernization theory
are worldwide networks of labor and
production processes yielding a finished product
Global commodity chains
defined by sociologists as changes in human
interactions and relationships that transform cultural and social
institutions. These changes occur over time and often have
profound and long-term consequences for society.
social change
5 SOURCES OF SOCIAL CHANGE
- Population Growth and Composition-
can lead to intermingling of cultures, a different
culture, lack of resources, division of labor, and urbanization. The expansion of National University is one example. - Culture and Technology- One example is the development of the mobile phone from a
telephone instrument to a touch screen smartphone. - Cultural Lag- refers to this lag between the initial social change and the resulting
social change. ex. “when one group adopts a new technology more quickly than the other groups”
“the development of electric
cars because There is a delay in the incorporation of this change in society,
because not many places have charging stations that would tailor to opponents to
maintain the new, more efficient, vehicles.” - The natural environment- Havoc brought about by natural disasters can lead
to loss of livelihood and many more - Social Conflict: War and Protest- Change also arises from social conflicts such as
wars, ethnic conflicts, efforts by social movements
to transform society, and efforts by opponents to
maintain the current situation.
, it refers to the
rise in sea level caused by warmer oceans expanding and melting
ice sheets and glaciers.
climate change
4 effects of climate change:
water
food
human health
Infrastructure
ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
Converse resources
Energy
Water
Reduce, reuse, recycle
Politics is word derived from and politics is?
Polis or City-State, is the activity through which people make, preserve, and amend the general rules under which they live
Politics therefore, is linked with—-
Conflict, and Cooperation-due to the existence of opposing opinions, and
different wants.
Hannah Arendt defined this
Political Power which she claimed as “acting in concert”.
is a
Prussian Chancellor who
coined the term Realpolitik.
Otto von Bismarck- He is also credited with the
German reunification after
the Franco-Prusso war
this
includes family, kinship groups, MNCs, and trade unions this is because they are considered private due to the fact that they satisfy
their own interests.
“Little Platoons”
which she states that politics is the most important form of human
activity because it involves interaction among free and equal
citizens.
Hannah Arendt
defined Politics as the authoritative allocation
of values. This means that political decisions stems from the pressures of
various interest group in a society.
David Easton
This view on politics is considered to be broad as it views politics beyond the realm of the government and that politics can be
observed at the individual or the personal level or “Public Life”
Politics as public affairs
The view on politics understands it as a practice on how decisions are made.
Politics as Compromise and
Consensus
the activity by which differing interests within a given unit of rule are conciliated by giving them a share in power in proportion
politics
This view in politics is also considered as the broadest and most
radical. This view can see politics being exercised not only in the
government but at all levels.
politics as power
2 elements in politics
Power -the ability to achieve a desired outcome,
through whatever means
authority- can be defined as legitimatized power or simply the right to do so
This face of Power is concerned with conscious actions that in some
way influence the content of decisions.
power as decision making
this power is is the ability to prevent decisions being made that is, in effect, ‘non-decision-making’.
power as agenda setting
The third face of power is the ability to influence another by shaping what he or she thinks, wants, or needs. Usually expressed via
ideological indoctrination
Ex. “Through the use of propaganda “
Power as thought control
as the rules of the game in a society norm more formally, are the humanly
devised constraints that shape human interaction
institutions
(2) types of Institutions
- Political Institutions- is defined as the organizations in a government that create, enforce, and apply laws
- Non-State Institutions are institutions are those that operate outside of the formal support and endorsement of the state structure, though they might be recognised to some extent within that formal structure
Examples of non-state institutions are:
Banks and Corporations
Cooperatives and Trade Unions
Development Agencies
International Organizations
International Non-Governmental Organizations
defined as the groups within a culture that are
responsible for public decision making and leadership, maintaining social cohesion and order, protecting group
rights, and ensuring safety from external threats.
political organization
is the form of political organization associated with foraging groups.
typically comprises between 20 and a few hundred people at most
band
is a more formal type of political organization than the band. The primary basis of membership in a — is
kinship.
tribe
s a form of political organization that includes permanently allied tribes and villages under one chief, a leader who possesses power
chiefdom
an independent, sovereign government exercising control over a certain spatially defined and bounded area,
whose borders are usually clearly defined and internationally recognized by other states
state
4 elements of state
1.People- no limitation in number, as a whole
2.Government - is the vehicle for governance of society, which is the establishment and enforcement of rules and provisioning of basic services
Ex. Cars engine
3. Territory- The fixed portion of the surface of the earth inhabited by the people of the State.
4. Sovereignty- The supreme and uncontrollable power inherent in a State by which that State is governed. It may be legal
or political.
- The authority which has the power to issue final commands.
- Congress is legal sovereign.
legal
- The power behind the legal sovereign, or the sum of the influences that operate upon it.
- The different sectors molding public opinion
political
Characteristics of Sovereignty
- Permanent
- Exclusive
- Comprehensive
- Absolute
- Individuality
- Inalienable
- imprescriptible
a system of government in which laws, policies, leadership, and major undertakings of a state or
other polity are directly or indirectly decided by the “people,”
Democracy
often used by Nation-States even if the practice of its political institutions says otherwise.
democratic
2 Types of Democracy
Direct Democracy -describes those rules, institutions and processes that enable the public to vote directly on a proposed constitutional amendment,
Indirect Democracy- form of governance in which the people exercise their right to make political decisions through their elected representatives
