Philo na nakakahilo >; Flashcards
“Love” or “Friend”
Philos
“Wisdom”
Sophia
lover of wisdom
Philosopher
▪ WISDOM
= beyond knowledge
= essence
= purpose
Love of wisdom
Philosophy
thus, all aspects of reality
can be the object of a philosophical study.
Philosophy
studies all things”;
Philosophy
all things through their ultimate causes,
acquired through the use of reason.
- knowledge
seeking the deepest explanations regarding the existence and nature of beings
ultimate causes
an attempt to arrive at a rational conception of the reality
Nature of Philosophy
enquires into the nature of the universe, the nature of the human soul, and its destiny, and the nature of God or the Absolute, and their relation to one another.
Nature of Philosophy
enquires into the nature of matter, time, space, causality, evolution, life, and mind, and their relation to one another.
Nature of Philosophy
the art of thinking all things logically, systematically, and persistently.
Nature of Philosophy
the art of thinking rationally and systematically of the reality as a whole.
Nature of Philosophy
What is a Philosophy of Man?
Anthropos Logia
(Man/ Humanity) + (Discourse or study) =
Discourse( or study) about Humanity
Discourse About Humanity
Essence:
: What makes ME human?
: What makes Human beings, Human
beings?
Purpose:
: Why are there humans?
: What is my purpose?
Branches of Philosophy
Epistemology (theory of knowledge)
Metaphysics
Logic
Ethics/ Axiology (moral philosophy)
Aesthetic
Political Philosophy
delves into the definition, scope, and parameters of knowledge and knowledge formation.
Epistemology (theory of knowledge)
seeks to explain how we acquire knowledge, how knowledge relates to notions like justification, truth, and belief, and how and where it falls in the spectrum of certainty and error
Epistemology (theory of knowledge)
studies and asks questions about the essence and existence of being, reality, the physical world, and the universe.
Metaphysics
studies and concerned with “reasoning” or truth
Logic
- teaches the difference between good and
bad reasoning and how to construct valid
arguments.
Logic
study of morality
Ethics/ Axiology (moral philosophy)
seeks to address questions about how we should live our lives, define proper conduct, and meaning of good life
Ethics/ Axiology (moral philosophy)
teaches what the virtuous life is like and how we can put these virtues into practice.
Ethics/ Axiology (moral philosophy)
study of everything related to beauty, art,
and good taste
Aesthetics
includes how we define art, how we feel when
viewing art or witnessing beauty, how we judge
works of art, and how we form our taste.
Aesthetics
examines various concepts related to politics,
government, laws, liberty, justice, rights,
authority, state, and even ethics (ethical ruling).
. Political Philosophy
discusses how states should be built and run, and how its constituents should act.
. Political Philosophy
Ancient Philosophy of Man
(Early 5th Century B.C. To Late 4th Century B.C.)
: Socrates and Aristotle
Focuses on Essence
Medieval Philosophy of Man
(Late Fifth Century A.D. to Middle Fifteenth Century)
Thomas Aquinas
= Focuses on ESSENCE and INDIVIDUALITY
“An act is good or bad depending on whether it
contributes to or deters us from our proper
human end
The telos
Telos
Final Goal
at which all human actions aim
Happiness
understood in terms of completion, perfection, or well-being
Happiness
requires a range of intellectual and moral virtues that enable us to understand the nature of happiness and motivate us to seek it in a reliable and consistent way.
Achieving happiness
consists in beatitude, or supernatural union with God.
Final happiness
teacher of Plato
Socrates
Believed that circumspect use of language and endless selfquestioning are crucial in the quest for wisdom.
Socrates
saw philosophy as a way of life,
the highest calling of a select few.
Socrates
believed that the highest good is
knowledge.
Socrates
first logician and biologist.
Aristotle
founded the Lyceum and tutored
Alexander the Great.
Aristotle
- influenced numerous theologians
and philosophers, including St.
Augustine and Thomas Aquinas.
Aristotle
“the form is what makes matter
what it is (as the soul defines a
living body)”.
Aristotle
Modern Philosophy of Man
(Early 17th Century To 19th Century)
( Modern Philosophy of Man)
(Early 17th Century to 19th century)
- Rene Descartes, Rousseau and Kant
: Focuses on Individuality and the Others
“The world of things-in-themselves is
unknowable; the world of appearance, the
phenomenal world governed by laws, is
knowable.
Kant
believed that causality, necessity, and unity
enable us to have a coherent knowledge of
the world.
Kant
accepted the moral argument for God’s
existence and the doctrine of free will
(“ought” implies “can,” he reasoned).
Kant
“Moral actions can only arise from a sense
of duty (as opposed to, say, the outcome of
actions, which may be pleasurable or
beneficial to someone).”
Kant
- believed that people are born
good but that society wields a
corrupting influence on them.
Rousseau
- “The driving force behind society
is the General Will, and it must
be respected. The challenge is
to attain freedom amidst
corruption and worldliness.”
Rousseau
father of modern philosophy.
Descartes
- the only thing that he couldn’t doubt was himself thinking, hence cogito ergo sum (“I think,
therefore, I am”)
Descartes
made landmark contributions to mathematics (Cartesian geometry), to metaphysics (belief
in God and the material world, acceptance of mind-body dualism), and to philosophical
methodology (Discourse On Method).
Descartes
Contemporary Philosophy of Man
(20th to present)
- Kierkergaard, Nietzsche, Hierdegger and Sartre
: Is this essence? Is there really purpose?
Kierkegaard, Nietzsche, Heidegger, Sartre
(Contemporary Philosophy of Man)
= Is there essence? Is there really purpose?
the view that existence precedes essence,
that there’s no meaning or value or truth to
life a priori.
Existentialism
faith in God, who can deliver us
from our forlornness.
Kierkegaard
idea of death provokes a fear of nothingness; people hide in inauthentic routines; they seek to renounce their freedom to act.
Heidegger
“We’re essentially alone;
we come into the world
alone and exit it alone.
Heidegger
- human beings are unique because they
can both act and be aware of it at the
same time.
Sartre
Anything we do can be the object of conscious awareness; deep fear that others will relate to us as if we were objects, reduce us to no-thing. There is no meaning to our life a priori, so the deepest striving is to define ourselves in
a random and contingent world.
Sartre
is a study or discourse about
humanity.
Philosophy of Man
Philosophy of Man
Philosophy of Man
Philosophy originated when?
It originated in the early 5th century. Many
Philosophers made their views and beliefs
flourished.
To know is to experience
Epistemology
Logic, empiricism, rationalism
Epistemology
Believes that everything was explained by God
Greek
The primary substance for Thales
Water
Everything can be explained by numbers
Pythagoras
Father of Western Philosophy
Thales
Greece asked question
Cosmocentric
China asked question
Anthropocentric
India asked question
psychocentric
Human beings are?
Characterized by their rationality, emotions, self-awareness, and flaws, are unique species with unique characteristics but also face challenges in navigating their environment.
hence cogito ergo sum
” I think, therefore, I am”
accepted the moral argument for God’s
existence and the doctrine of free will
(“ought” implies “can,” he reasoned)
who first coined the word “philosophia”
Pythagoras
