PHILO( FREEDOM IN THE CONTEXT OF MORALITY) Flashcards
Deals with the systematic questioning and critical
examination of the underlying principles of
morality.
Ethics
Ethic Comes from the Greek word
Ethos
characters of a culture
Ethos
Morality comes from the latin word
mores
the customs including the customary behavior of a particular group of
people
mores
Meant to answer the question “What is good?
Normative Ethics
It pertains to certain norms or standards for goodness
and badness, rightness of wrongness of an act.
Normative Ethics
Questions the basis of assumptions proposed in a
framework of norms and standards by normative
ethic
Meta-Ethics
where its standards of
morality are based
moral framework
Examines the presuppositions, meanings, and
justifications of ethical concepts, and principles.
Meta-Ethics
describes how we apply normative theories to specific issues
Applied Ethics
Folkways
by William Sumner
Our notion of what is right stems from man’s basic
instinct to survive by who?
William Sumner
formed from society
Sanctions, customs and habits
threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule
Sanctions
a traditional and widely accepted way of
behaving or doing something that is specific to
a particular society, place, or time.
Customs
settled or regular tendency or practice,
especially on that which is hard to give up.
Habits
As an existentialist
Jean Paul Sartre
he claims that “man is condemned to be free.”
Jean Paul Sartre
an unconstrained free moral
agent in the sense that he always has a
choice in every aspect of his life.
man
“Man is condemned to be free.”
The statement asserts that freedom is inherent in the human condition, and therefore, man is entirely responsible for how he utilizes it.
“Man is nothing else but that which he
makes of himself” who wrote this?
Jean Paul Sartre
Humans are shaped by their present decisions, not their past or circumstances, and have the freedom to define their own life path and identity.
“Man is nothing else but that which he
makes of himself”
“You are free, but this freedom is not
absolute”who wrote this?
Jean Paul Sartre
You are free, but this freedom is not
absolute
a remark implying that, while individuals have the freedom to create and act on their own decisions, this freedom is not limitless.
He wrote the book entitled, Ethics: The Modern
Conceptions of the Principles of Right
John Mothershead
two conditions for morality
Freedom and obligation
assumed when one is making
his choices
Freedom
agent that is taking
full responsibility for his actions
Freedom
one’s duty to himself to
exercise this freedom as a rational moral being.
Obligation
a deliberate human action
Conduct
It is the result of reflection where the human person is endowed with the capacity to think using his rationality and to weigh the consequences of his actions
Conduct
not capable of the act of deliberation
or reflection.
animals
What animals have is
Instinct
why are some animals able to solve simple problems?
Animals have pre-reflective morality since they are not capable of what human can do
is budgeting actions.
moral judgements
the most important class of moral judgements
because it has reference to the judger’s own future.
moral decision
Not all moral judgements are
moral decisions
wrote the book entitled, Moral Reasoning:
Ethical Theory and Some Contemporary Moral
Problems
Victor Grassian
He introduced the confusion between “what one ought to do
and what one would be inclined to do?
Victor Grassian
Answers the question what we ought to do according to a normative ethical system
Intellectual choice
Deals with how a person will act according to a given situation
Practical choice
Our quest however, is not the psychological one of what an individual would as a
matter of fact be inclined to do in a given situation but, rather, the normative one of what he
morally ought to do. The mere fact that an individual might be inclined to act in a particular
way does not show that is the way he should ac
Victor Grassian
was one of the most influential
philosophers in the history of philosophy.
Immanuel Kant
The thing as it appears to an observer
Phenomena
The thing-in-itself
Noumena
The thing-in-itself
Das ding an sich
claimed that man’s
speculative reason can only know phenomena and can never penetrate to the
noumenon.
Immanuel kant
an ethic based on duty.
Deontological ethics
Deontological Ethics came from the greek word
Dein
– something that we are unconditionally
obliged to do, with no regard to the consequences
categorical imperative
Provides a priori knowledge (before experience)
Pure Reason
– Provide a posteriori
knowledge (after experience)
Pure Intuition of Space and Time
responsible for our capacity to recognize what is good through
the will
Practical reason
Immanuel Kant called he practical reason as?
Godwill
which he claimed as the only thing good in-itself,
without qualification
Immanuel Kant called this the Goodwill
Act only on that maxim, through which you can at the same time
will that it should become a universal law
It means that we should only act on principles that we would want to become universal laws, applicable to everyone in all situation. Kant believed that this principle was a fundamental requirement for moral behavior and that it was a necessary condition for any action to be considered morally right
Act only on that maxim, through which you can at the same time
will that it should become a universal law who quote is this?
Immanuel Kant
Teleology came from the root word
telos,meaning end, goal, or purpose
It is mostly base on consequences.
Theological ethics
s construed as the maximization of pleasure and
the avoidance of pain in order to promote happiness
Utilitarianism
is the summum bonum or the ultimate goal for
utilitarianism
happiness
had the notion that pleasure is quantifiable
Jeremy Bentham
Bentham’s Hedonic Calculus
Intensity
Duration
Certainty
was more concerned with the quality of pleasure rather than the quantity.
John Stuart Mill
are usually employed for propaganda purposes.
Emotive term
They are considered emotive because they are emotionally loaded
Emotive term
A value statement in nothing else than a command in a misleading
grammatical form.
Alfred Jules Ayer
an attempt to make a universal statement
using “all” based only on a few cases observed.
Hasty generalizations
inference that A is the cause of the occurrence of B.
(Post Hoc Fallacy)
This is a defense mechanism recognized by psychologists
Rationalization
This is the process of offering justifications or reasons to cover-up or clothe an already arrived at decision meant to hide one’s true negative or destructive motive, to become an acceptable course of action.
Rationalization
Quality of pleasure
John Stuart Mill
Pleasure if quantitable
Jeremy betham
