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A&P - P.3 > U7 CNS & PNS > Flashcards

U7 CNS & PNS Flashcards

1
Q

Meninges & Their Layers

A

membranes located between bone and soft tissues
(dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater)

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2
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid (CSF)

A

clear liquid that bathes the brain & spinal cord; cushions the brain and serves as a shock absorber; produced by the choroid plexus within each of the 4 ventricles; tight junctions within choroid plexus form a blood-CSF barrier that keeps brain secure

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3
Q

Subdural Hematoma

A

associated with TBI; bleeding within the brain, puts pressure on the brain and can be life threatening

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4
Q

Spinal Cord

A

passes down the vertebral canal; C1-C8, T1-T12, L1-L5

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5
Q

3 Major Parts of the Brain

A
  1. Cerebrum
  2. Brain Stem
  3. Cerebellum
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6
Q

Cerebrum

A

wrinkly large part of the brain (cerebral cortex = outer layer) // higher mental function, solving problems

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7
Q

Cerebellum

A

balance and coordination, modulates voluntary movement of the limbs; white matter within the cerebellum gives it a tree-like appearance (arbor vitae)

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8
Q

Brain Stem

A

regulates visceral functions (AUTONOMIC SYSTEM)

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9
Q

Corpus Callosum

A

connects the 2 hemispheres; left and right cerebral hemispheres are separated by the corpus callosum

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10
Q

Brain Convolutions

A

wrinkles and grooves of the cerebrum; fissures = deep groove, sulcus = shallow groove, gyrus = bump

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11
Q

Lobes

A
  • Frontal = executive functions
  • Parietal = perception, sense-making, math
  • Occipital = vision
  • Temporal = memory, language, auditory
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12
Q

Longitudinal Fissure

A

separates the brain into 2 hemispheres

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13
Q

Transverse Fissure

A

separates cerebrum and cerebellum

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14
Q

Ventricle

A

fluid filled cavities, contains CSF; 4 total (2 lateral ventricles, interventricular foramen connects lateral to third ventricle, & cerebral aqueduct connects third ventricle to fourth ventricle)

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15
Q

Association Areas

A

for interpreting and analyzing information:
- Frontal = prefrontal association area, motor association area, primary motor cortex
- Parietal = sensory association area, primary somatic-sensory cortex
- Occipital = visual association area, visual cortex
- Temporal = auditory association area, auditory cortex

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16
Q

Diencephalon

A
  • Hypothalamus: hormones, heart rate, blood pressure, body temp, hunger, attaches to pituitary (HOMEOSTASIS & ANS)
  • Thalamus: relay station (all info. minus smell is processed through thalamus)
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17
Q

Optic Tract/Chiasma

A

optic nerves cross over each other; left side of the brain controls the right side of the body (vice versa)

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18
Q

Midbrain (Mesencephalon)

A

connects the hindbrain to the forebrain; visual reflexes, eye movements

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19
Q

Pons

A

relay sensory information; links brain to spinal cord; in charge of unconscious movements and processes (e.g. sleep, posture, respiration, swallowing, bladder control); signals from the cerebrum to the cerebellum pass through here; PART OF BRAIN STEM

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20
Q

Medulla Oblongata

A

heart, respiration, blood pressure; controls coughing, sneezing, hiccuping, sweating, vomiting, etc.; PART OF BRAIN STEM

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21
Q

Pituitary Gland

A

“master gland”; controls hormones

22
Q

Hippocampus

A

storage and retrieval of memories

23
Q

Amygdala

A

storage of memories associated with emotion (fear response and aggression)

24
Q

Limbic System

A

hypothalamus, hippocampus, amygdala = all have a role in emotions

25
Q

Central Sulcus

A

shallow groove separating the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe

26
Q

Lateral Fissure

A

deep groove separating the frontal and parietal lobe from the temporal lobe

27
Q

Gray vs. White Matter

A

white = myelinated nerve fibers (inside of the brain), gray = non-myelinated soma & dendrites (outside of the brain)

28
Q

Epidural Space

A

between the skull/vertebrae and dura mater

29
Q

Subdural Space

A

separation between the dura and arachnoid meninx

30
Q

Subarachnoid Space

A

separation between arachnoid and pia mater meninx

31
Q

Blood Supply & the Blood-Brain Barrier

A

CNS is protected by a blood-brain barrier that regulates substances entering the brain – tight junctions within capillaries and astrocytes comprise this barrier (absent in areas of the brain that monitor pH, blood glucose, etc.)

32
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

“water on the brain”; results from blockage of the route of CSF and its absorption

33
Q

Spinal Cord

A

begins at the foramen magnum and ends at the first lumbar vertebra (cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral regions) – 31 pairs of spinal nerves

34
Q

Cervical & Lumbar Enlargements

A

supply the upper limbs (cervical) and lower limbs (lumbar)

35
Q

Conus Medullaris

A

terminal end of the spinal cord (typically around L1 vertebral level in avg. adult)

36
Q

Cauda Equina

A

nerve bundles at the bottom of the spinal cord; connects to other parts of the body and allows ability to move and feel sensation in the legs & bladder

37
Q

Autonomic vs. Somatic

A

somatic = things you can consciously sense and do, autonomic = works without thinking about it

38
Q

Spinal Cord’s Fissures…

A

anterior median fissure & posterior median sulcus

39
Q

Spinal Cord Anatomy (think “horns”)

A

consists of a central area of gray matter; 2 dorsal/posterior “horns” & 2 ventral/anterior “horns”; posterior = SENSORY, anterior = MOTOR

40
Q

Spinal Tracts

A
  • Ascending = carry SENSORY info up the spinal cord
  • Descending = carry MOTOR info down the spinal cord
  • Tracts are WHITE matter (not GRAY)
41
Q

Decussation

A

“crossover” = left/right, right/left (many fibers exhibit decussation

42
Q

Hindbrain

A

medulla oblongata + pons + cerebellum

43
Q

Tectum

A

a part of the midbrain/mesencephalon – consist of 4 nuclei called corpora quadrigemina (visual attention, tracking objects, visual reflexes)

44
Q

Reticular Formation

A

a group of 100 nuclei scattered throughout the medulla, midbrain, and pons that function in somatic motor control, autonomic control, arousal, and pain modulation

45
Q

Epithalamus (Diencephalon)

A

contains the pineal gland; cone - shaped gland, best known for synthesis of
melatonin from serotonin;
role in light-sensitive Circadian rhythms

46
Q

Cerebrum Basal Nuclei

A

masses of gray matter buried deep in the cerebral hemispheres; involved in motor control and thought process

47
Q

Brain Waves

A

rhythmic voltage changes resulting from
synchronized postsynaptic potentials in the cerebral cortex (recorded on an EEG)

48
Q

Sleep

A

controlled by the hypothalamus and brain stem; 4 stages, 4th = REM; temporary state of unconsciousness

49
Q

Motor Control

A

voluntary muscle contractions are initiated in the
motor association (premotor) area of the frontal lobes; the impulse is then sent to the pre- central gyrus (primary motor area)

50
Q

Somatic Control

A

the post-central gyrus functions as the primary sensory area or somesthetic; here neurons receive sensory information.

51
Q

Cerebral Lateralization

A

the assignment of different tasks to different hemispheres (aka handedness)

52
Q

Parasympathetic NS vs. Sympathetic NS

A

parasympathetic = “rest and digest” – sympathetic = “fight or flight”

A&P - P.3 (17 decks)

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