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A&P - P.3 > U6 Nervous System I > Flashcards

U6 Nervous System I Flashcards

1
Q

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A

A potentially disabling disease of the brain and spinal cord (CNS) - the immune system attacks the protective sheath (myelin) that covers nerve fibers and causes communication problems between your brain and the rest of your body

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2
Q

CNS

A

central nervous system; down axial skeleton (brain & spinal cord)

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3
Q

PNS

A

peripheral nervous system; nerves leading to and from the CNS (12 cranial nerves + 31 spinal nerves)

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4
Q

Sensory Integrative Responsive

A

detection of internal or external changes to “decide” on a course of action for motor neurons

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5
Q

Afferent Neurons

A

carry information from sensory receptors of the skin and other organs to the central nervous system

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6
Q

Efferent Neurons

A

carry motor information away from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands of the body

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7
Q

Diff b/tw NERVOUS SYSTEM and ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

A

NERVOUS SYSTEM - transmits messages very fast (1-10 msec) using impulses and neurotransmitters; response stops when stimulus stops; prolonged stimulation = adaptation

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - sends hormones into the bloodstream; takes more time to act; slow to adapt; last long after stimulation

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8
Q

Neurons (+ their structure)

A

masses of nerve cells that transmit information – dendrite, cell body, axon, myelin, node of ranvier

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9
Q

Neuroglial Cells

A

Provides support for neurons

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10
Q

Microglial Cells

A

Immune function; digests debris, kills bacteria

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11
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Makes myelin sheath that provides insulation around the axons (CNS ONLY)

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12
Q

Astrocytes

A

Connects blood vessels to neurons

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13
Q

Ependymal Cells

A

Forms membranes around tissue - produces cerebrospinal fluid (aka CSF)

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14
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Used to create the myelin sheath (same function as oligodendrocytes but found in the PNS ONLY)

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15
Q

Demyelination + MS

A

Nerves affected by MS lose their myelin sheath (called demyelination); messages not sent properly

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16
Q

White v Grey matter (brain)

A

White = myelinated
Grey = unmyelinated

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17
Q

Lesions

A

evidence of nerve cell damage in the brain or spinal cord - symptoms vary depending on the location of lesion (spinal cord = motor problems; back of brain = balance problems)

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18
Q

What happens during MS (auto-immune disorder)?

A

The immune system attacks and causes damage to oligodendrocytes. This makes it harder for the CNS to replace the damaged myelin. All of this leads to a loss of myelin, or demyelination. Without the myelin insulation, the axons, or nerve fibers, also get damaged.

19
Q

Neuron Facts

A
  • Longevity
  • Do not divide
  • High metabolic rate
  • Newborns have unmyelinated nerve fibers (stimuli is coarse)
20
Q

Action Potential Explained (Steps)

A
  1. Neuron membrane maintains resting potential
  2. Threshold stimulus is received
  3. Sodium channels open
  4. Sodium ions diffuse inward, depolarizing the membrane
  5. Potassium channels open
  6. Potassium ions diffuse outward, repolarizing the membrane
  7. The resulting action potential causes a local bioelectric current that stimulates the membrane.
  8. Wave of action potentials travel the length of the axon as a nerve impulse
21
Q

Depolarization

A

Away from resting state (sodium ions moving inwards)

22
Q

Repolarization

A

Towards resting state (potassium ions moving outwards)

23
Q

Resting Membrane

A

Neg. potassium ions on the inside; Pos. sodium ions on the outside

24
Q

Communication b/tw Neurons

A

Synapse = junction between 2 communicating neurons; Nerve Pathway = nerve impulse travels from neuron-neuron

25
Q

How is a signal retrieved during neuron-neuron communication?

A

A neurotransmitter is released at the synaptic cleft to signal the next neuron – receptors on the other neuron’s dendrite receives info.

26
Q

Excitatory Neurotransmitter

A

increase membrane permeability, increases chance for threshold to be achieved

27
Q

Inhibitory Neurotransmitter

A

decrease membrane permeability, decreases chance for threshold to be achieved

28
Q

Types of Neurotransmitters

A

ACH (muscle contraction), Dopamine (happy), Serotonin (sleep), Endorphins (pain reduction)

29
Q

Agonist

A

molecule that has the same effect on the postsynaptic neuron as the neurotransmitter itself does; substances that act as neurotransmitters and attach to certain receptors in the brain (e.g. Heroin)

30
Q

Antagonist

A

molecule that blocks the effect that the neurotransmitter normally has on the postsynaptic neuron; attach to certain receptors in the brain but do not produce a response (e.g. Naltrexone)

31
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

-70 millivolts

32
Q

Voltage-Gated Channels

A

open and close in response to changes in membrane potential

33
Q

Ligand-Gated Channels

A

open when a neurotransmitter latches onto its receptor

34
Q

Mechanically-Gated Channels

A

open in response to the physical stretching of the membrane

35
Q

Graded Potential

A

graded potentials are temporary changes in the membrane voltage

36
Q

Threshold for Action Potential

A

-55 mV

37
Q

Refractory Period

A

time where no other signals can happen

38
Q

3 ways neurotransmitters can be inactivated:

A
  1. Degradation - enzyme changes the way the neurotransmitter looks so it cannot be recognized/remembered by receptors
  2. Diffusion - neurotransmitter moves away from the receptor
  3. Reuptake - neurotransmitter is sucked back up by the axon of the neuron that let it out
39
Q

Modulatory Neurotransmitters

A

diffuse across a large area and are slow-acting

40
Q

Issues w/ neurotransmitters:

A
  • Neurons unable to create enough of a neurotransmitter
  • Neurotransmitters reabsorbed too fast
  • Too many neurotransmitters deactivated by enzymes
  • Too much of a neurotransmitter is released
41
Q

Direct Effects

A

mimics the neurotransmitter/similar in chemical structure

42
Q

Indirect Effects

A

works by acting on synaptic receptors

43
Q

What are ways we can manipulate an action potential to change the frequency of a signal?

A

When the intensity of the stimulus is increased, the action potential’s frequency of a signal increases

A&P - P.3 (17 decks)

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