U10 Interim - Blood Flashcards
RBCs vs WBCs
- RBCs carry O2 and nutrients throughout the body; grabs onto iron and O2 for transport
- WBCs maintain an immune function
Splenomegaly
enlargement of the spleen; can become enlarged when working overtime (aka producing high amounts of RBCs & WBCs)
Leukemia
cancer of the blood; results in a rise in the number of WBCs in the body; typically begins in bone marrow
Sickle Cell Disease
an inherited gene disorder that affects the shape of RBCs; the crescent-like shape of sickle cells make it hard for the cell to move throughout the body, possibly blocking blood flow to the rest of the body
Beta Thalassemia
inherited blood disorder; body does not make beta globin as it should (beta and alpha globin are building blocks of hemoglobin)
Hemoglobin
part of RBC that gives blood its red color and enables RBCs to carry oxygenated blood throughout the body
Thrombocytopenia
condition where platelet count is significantly low in the blood
Functions of the Spleen
- filter the blood
- remove old blood cells
- recycle iron
- make antibodies
Hypochromia
RBCs have less color than normal (can be attributed to reduced amount of hemoglobin in RBCs)
Cooley’s Anemia
inherited disorder that impacts the blood’s ability to carry O2 (hypochromia is typically present)
Blood…
- is a connective tissue
- 2 basic components: cells (RBCs, WBCs, platelets) = 45% & plasma (water, proteins) = 55%
Erythrocytes
red blood cells
Leukocytes
white blood cells
Thrombocytes
platelets
Anemia
body produces lower-than-normal amount of RBCs
Iron-Deficient Anemia
body does not have enough iron to produce hemoglobin
Hematopoiesis
formation of blood cells; occurs in the bone marrow
Erythropoietin
hormone released by the kidney that increases production of RBCs (thus O2 levels); athletes benefit from EPO as it maximizes O2 levels, allowing for endurance
Oxyhemoglobin
oxygenated RBCs/”bright red”
Deoxyhemoglobin
low in O2/”dark red”
Hematocrit
percentage by volume of the RBCs in the blood versus plasma
Acute
cancer that progresses quickly
Lymphocytic
refers to effect on cells that turn into WBCs
Leukocyte
WBC that fights off infection
Types of WBCs (Leukocytes)
- Granulocytes (neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
- Agranulocytes (monocytes, lymphocytes)
Neutrophil
active phagocytes, 60% of WBCs, present in pus
Phagocytic
process of WBCs engulfing bacteria
Eosinophil
attacks parasites, 2% of WBCs
Basophil
produces heparin and histamines, 1% of WBCs
Heparin
blood thinner
Histamine
inflammatory reaction (swelling/itching)
Antihistamine
reverses histamines effect
Monocyte
large cell; can become macrophages or dendritic cells (dendritic cells consume pathogens and present antigens on their surface to signal the immune system)
Lymphocyte
where antibodies are made (3rd line of defense/B and T cells); main defense of immune system; 30% of WBCs
Platelets (thrombocytes)
help create blood clots, closes breaks in damaged blood vessels
Plasma Proteins
- albumins: regulates blood pressure
- globulins: transports antibodies
- fibrinogen: blood clotting
Multiple Myeloma
cancer that affects plasma cells/produces antibodies that may attack body’s own tissue
Hemostasis
- process of stopping bleeding via coagulation and clotting of the blood to seal the site of damage
Key Events in Hemostasis
- Serotonin (vasoconstrictor) shrinks the vessel
- Platelet plugs the opening
- Fibrin forms over the platelet and reinforces (scab)
Thrombin
enzyme in blood plasma that causes the clotting of blood by converting fibrinogen to fibrin
Thrombus
blood clot
Embolus
when blood clot moves to another place (e.g. pulmonary embolism)
Hemophilia
able to enact the first 2 steps of hemostasis but cannot form enough fibrin; leads to excessive bleeding when wounds occur
Polycythaemia/erythrocytosis
too many RBCs in the body; can lead to blood clotting
Aggulation
occurs when an antigen is mixed with its corresponding antibody
Vitamin K
benefits blood clotting
HIV
hijacks healthy WBCs and kills them, destroying the immune system
