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A&P - P.3 > U11 Interim - Cardiovascular System/Heart > Flashcards

U11 Interim - Cardiovascular System/Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

delivers blood to all body cells and carries away waste

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2
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

eliminates carbon dioxide and oxygenates blood (lung pathway)

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3
Q

Systemic & Pulmonary Circulation create a…

A

Double loop

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4
Q

Heart Size

A

approximately 14 cm x 9 cm (the size of a fist)

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5
Q

Location of the Heart

A

the mediastinum (area between the lungs); b/tw the 2nd rib and 5th intercostal space

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6
Q

Distal end of Heart is called the…

A

Apex

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7
Q

Coronary Arteries

A
  • Left main coronary artery
  • Right coronary artery
  • Circumflex coronary artery
  • Left anterior descending coronary artery
    blockage in these arteries may cause a “heart attack”
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8
Q

Fibrous Pericardium

A

encloses the heart (like a bag) and has 2 layers

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9
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

contains fluid reducing friction

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10
Q

Epicardium

A

outer layer, reduces friction

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11
Q

Myocardium

A

middle layer, mostly cardiac muscle

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12
Q

Endocardium

A

thin inner lining, within chambers of the heart

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13
Q

Blood Flow in the Heart

A

DOUBLE pump/DOUBLE loop circulation (pulmonary? systemic?) – artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, vein

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14
Q

Arteries vs. Veins

A
  • Arteries carry blood away from the heart, and veins carry blood towards the heart
  • Arteries carry oxygenated (“red”) blood, and veins carry deoxygenated (“blue”) blood (w/ the exception of pulmonary blood vessels)
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15
Q

2 Atria

A

thin upper chambers that receive blood returning to the heart via veins (right atrium, left atrium)

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16
Q

2 Ventricles

A

thick, muscular lower chambers; pumps blood out of the heart through arteries (arteries = away)

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17
Q

Septum

A

separates the right and left sides of the heart

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18
Q

SVC & IVC

A

blood that has traveled through the body supplying nutrients to tissues returns to the heart via the SUPERIOR VENA CAVA and INFERIOR VENA CAVA

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19
Q

Blood entering then goes to the…

A

RIGHT ATRIUM; where a small contraction pushes blood through the TRICUSPID VALVE into the RIGHT VENTRICLE

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20
Q

From the right ventricle…

A

blood is pushed out through the PULMONARY VALVE and enters the PULMONARY TRUNK that branches into two arteries: the LEFT PULMONARY ARTERY and RIGHT PULMONARY ARTERY (through these arteries, the blood is delivered to the lungs where it will then become oxygenated)

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21
Q

Returning oxygenated blood returns through the…

A

LEFT and RIGHT PULMONARY VEINS which empties into the LEFT ATRIUM

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22
Q

From the left atrium…

A

blood goes through the BICUSPID/MITRAL VALVE and enters the most muscular part of the heart, the LEFT VENTRICLE; a powerful contraction then sends the blood through the AORTIC VALVE and into the largest part of the heart, the AORTA

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23
Q

Once blood reaches the aorta…

A

the blood goes through 3 smaller arteries: the BRACHIOCEPHALIC, the LEFT COMMON CAROTID, and the LEFT SUBCLAVIAN; blood is then released into the body, oxygenating muscles

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24
Q

Left Atrioventricular Valve

A

bicuspid/mitral valve

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25
Right Atrioventricular Valve
tricuspid valve
26
Aortic Semilunar
aortic valve (b/tw the left ventricle and the aorta)
27
Pulmonary Semilunar
pulmonary valve (b/tw the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk/artery)
28
Chordrae Tendineae & Papillary Muscles
cusps/flaps of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves are anchored to the ventricle walls by fibrous "cords"/chordae tendineae which attach to the wall by papillary muscles (prevents valves from being pushed up into the atria during ventricular systole)
29
Ventricular Systole vs. Diastole
ventricle contraction = systole & ventricle relaxation = diastole
30
Ventricular/Atrial Septal Defect
septum of the heart does not close completely during development; blood often flows from the left ventricle through the ventricular septal defect to the right ventricle and into the lungs (forces the heart and lungs to work harder)
31
Cardiac Cycle
one complete heartbeat
32
Blood Pressure Reading
the first, larger number is the measure of the force of the blood in the vessels during systole; the second, smaller number is diastole, when the ventricle relaxes (avg = 120/80)
33
Sphygmomanometer
blood pressure cuff
34
Blood Pressure
force of blood against the walls of the arteries (high during systole/contraction, low during diastole/relaxation)
35
Factors affecting BP
- cardiac output - blood volume (avg adult = 5 liters) - blood viscosity - peripheral resistance
36
Low BP/Hypotension
Systolic = less than 80, Diastolic = less than 60
37
Normal BP
Systolic = 80-120, Diastolic = 60-80
38
Prehypertension
Systolic = 120-139, Diastolic = 80-89
39
Hypertension Stage 1
Systolic = 140-159, Diastolic = 90-99
40
Hypertension Stage 2
Systolic = 160 or higher, Diastolic = 100 or higher
41
Hypertension Crisis
Systolic = higher than 180, Diastolic = higher than 110
42
Normal Resting Heart Rate (Adult)
60-100 bpm
43
Pulse Points (Artery zones)
Carotid arteries (neck), Radial arteries (wrist), Brachial arteries (arm)
44
ECG/EKG - Electrocardiogram
recording of the electrical events (changes) during a cardiac cycle; p wave = depolarization of the atria (atrial contraction), QRS complex = depolarization of ventricles (ventricular contraction), t wave = repolarization of the ventricles (relaxation)
45
Tachycardia
fast heart rate
46
Bradycardia
slow heart rate
47
Arrhythmia
irregular heart rate
48
Cardiac Conduction System
1. Sinoatrial (S-A) Node – “Pacemaker.” generates rhythmic impulses which spread through the myocardium. 2. Junctional Fibers – carries impulses into the A-V Node. 3. Atrioventricular Node (A-V) – conducts impulses from the atria through the septum, to the ventricles. 4. A-V Bundle – within the interventricular septum. A right and left branch transmits impulse to walls of the ventricles. 5. Perkinje Fibers – Branch throughout the walls of the ventricles and carry impulse rapidly, stimulating contraction
49
Reg. (homeostasis) of Cardiac Cycle
heart rate is controlled by the cardiac center within the medulla oblongata
50
Capillaries connect to...
arterioles and venules to exchange materials (e.g. O2/nutrients)
51
Precapillar Sphincters
valve-like muscle that controls the blood flow from arterioles into capillaries (vasoconstriction, vasodilation, and normal cross section)
52
Blood Flow Through Veins
not efficient, slow; the contraction of the diaphragm, pumping actions of skeletal muscles and valves in the veins allow the blood to return to the heart
53
Blood Clot
can occur if the blood does not flow properly through the veins (e.g. not moving enough)
54
Varicose Veins
blood pools in the veins
55
Branches of the Aorta
- Brachiocephalic Artery: supplies blood to the head, neck, and upper extremities and branches into the - Right Subclavian Artery: supplies blood to the right arms - and the Right Common Carotid Artery: supplies blood to the head, brain, and eyes - Left Subclavian Artery: supplies blood to the left arms - Left Common Carotid Artery: supplies blood to the head
56
Coronary Arteries
supplies blood to the heart itself
57
SADS
Sudden Arrhythmia Death Syndrome/Sudden Adult Death Syndrome; abnormal heart rhythm goes untreated and leads to cardiac arrest
58
Lifesaving Heart Practices
- defibrillator - cardiopulmonary resuscitation
59
Heart Murmurs
unusual sound heard during a heartbeat (whooshing or swishing); may or may not be a valve issue
60
MVP
mitral valve prolapse; valve shifts out of place; creates a clicking sound at the end of a contraction
61
Mitral or Aortic Regurgitation (backward flow)
backward flow of blood resulting in the mitral and/or aortic valve; can be caused by mitral valve prolapse or mitral valve or aortic stenosis (abnormal narrowing)
62
Myocardial Infarction (MI)
obstruction to the coronary artery; "heart attack" (treatment = bypass graft to restore blood flow to heart) -- diagnosed through an ECG and/or blood tests
63
Atherosclerosis
deposits of fatty materials form a "plaque" in the arteries, reducing blood flow (treatment = catheter is inserted into artery and balloon is used to stretch open artery)
64
Hypertension
high blood pressure
65
Aneurysm
localized, blood-filled balloon-like bulge in the wall of a blood vessel
66
Stroke
blood flow to brain is cut off (hemorrhagic = caused by an aneurysm, blood vessel breaks/leakes OR ischemic = blood vessel is blocked)
67
Aortic Stenosis
valve or aorta is narrowed, limiting blood flow
68
Ventricular or Atrial Septal Defect
hole exists between the two sides of the heart (aka the septum)

A&P - P.3 (17 decks)

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