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A&P - P.3 > U11 Interim - Cardiovascular System/Heart > Flashcards

U11 Interim - Cardiovascular System/Heart Flashcards

1
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

delivers blood to all body cells and carries away waste

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2
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

eliminates carbon dioxide and oxygenates blood (lung pathway)

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3
Q

Systemic & Pulmonary Circulation create a…

A

Double loop

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4
Q

Heart Size

A

approximately 14 cm x 9 cm (the size of a fist)

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5
Q

Location of the Heart

A

the mediastinum (area between the lungs); b/tw the 2nd rib and 5th intercostal space

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6
Q

Distal end of Heart is called the…

A

Apex

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7
Q

Coronary Arteries

A
  • Left main coronary artery
  • Right coronary artery
  • Circumflex coronary artery
  • Left anterior descending coronary artery
    blockage in these arteries may cause a “heart attack”
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8
Q

Fibrous Pericardium

A

encloses the heart (like a bag) and has 2 layers

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9
Q

Pericardial Cavity

A

contains fluid reducing friction

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10
Q

Epicardium

A

outer layer, reduces friction

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11
Q

Myocardium

A

middle layer, mostly cardiac muscle

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12
Q

Endocardium

A

thin inner lining, within chambers of the heart

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13
Q

Blood Flow in the Heart

A

DOUBLE pump/DOUBLE loop circulation (pulmonary? systemic?) – artery, arteriole, capillary, venule, vein

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14
Q

Arteries vs. Veins

A
  • Arteries carry blood away from the heart, and veins carry blood towards the heart
  • Arteries carry oxygenated (“red”) blood, and veins carry deoxygenated (“blue”) blood (w/ the exception of pulmonary blood vessels)
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15
Q

2 Atria

A

thin upper chambers that receive blood returning to the heart via veins (right atrium, left atrium)

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16
Q

2 Ventricles

A

thick, muscular lower chambers; pumps blood out of the heart through arteries (arteries = away)

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17
Q

Septum

A

separates the right and left sides of the heart

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18
Q

SVC & IVC

A

blood that has traveled through the body supplying nutrients to tissues returns to the heart via the SUPERIOR VENA CAVA and INFERIOR VENA CAVA

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19
Q

Blood entering then goes to the…

A

RIGHT ATRIUM; where a small contraction pushes blood through the TRICUSPID VALVE into the RIGHT VENTRICLE

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20
Q

From the right ventricle…

A

blood is pushed out through the PULMONARY VALVE and enters the PULMONARY TRUNK that branches into two arteries: the LEFT PULMONARY ARTERY and RIGHT PULMONARY ARTERY (through these arteries, the blood is delivered to the lungs where it will then become oxygenated)

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21
Q

Returning oxygenated blood returns through the…

A

LEFT and RIGHT PULMONARY VEINS which empties into the LEFT ATRIUM

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22
Q

From the left atrium…

A

blood goes through the BICUSPID/MITRAL VALVE and enters the most muscular part of the heart, the LEFT VENTRICLE; a powerful contraction then sends the blood through the AORTIC VALVE and into the largest part of the heart, the AORTA

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23
Q

Once blood reaches the aorta…

A

the blood goes through 3 smaller arteries: the BRACHIOCEPHALIC, the LEFT COMMON CAROTID, and the LEFT SUBCLAVIAN; blood is then released into the body, oxygenating muscles

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24
Q

Left Atrioventricular Valve

A

bicuspid/mitral valve

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25
Q

Right Atrioventricular Valve

A

tricuspid valve

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26
Q

Aortic Semilunar

A

aortic valve (b/tw the left ventricle and the aorta)

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27
Q

Pulmonary Semilunar

A

pulmonary valve (b/tw the right ventricle and the pulmonary trunk/artery)

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28
Q

Chordrae Tendineae & Papillary Muscles

A

cusps/flaps of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves are anchored to the ventricle walls by fibrous “cords”/chordae tendineae which attach to the wall by papillary muscles (prevents valves from being pushed up into the atria during ventricular systole)

29
Q

Ventricular Systole vs. Diastole

A

ventricle contraction = systole & ventricle relaxation = diastole

30
Q

Ventricular/Atrial Septal Defect

A

septum of the heart does not close completely during development; blood often flows from the left ventricle through the ventricular septal defect to the right ventricle and into the lungs (forces the heart and lungs to work harder)

31
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

one complete heartbeat

32
Q

Blood Pressure Reading

A

the first, larger number is the measure of the force of the blood in the vessels during systole; the second, smaller number is diastole, when the ventricle relaxes (avg = 120/80)

33
Q

Sphygmomanometer

A

blood pressure cuff

34
Q

Blood Pressure

A

force of blood against the walls of the arteries (high during systole/contraction, low during diastole/relaxation)

35
Q

Factors affecting BP

A
  • cardiac output
  • blood volume (avg adult = 5 liters)
  • blood viscosity
  • peripheral resistance
36
Q

Low BP/Hypotension

A

Systolic = less than 80, Diastolic = less than 60

37
Q

Normal BP

A

Systolic = 80-120, Diastolic = 60-80

38
Q

Prehypertension

A

Systolic = 120-139, Diastolic = 80-89

39
Q

Hypertension Stage 1

A

Systolic = 140-159, Diastolic = 90-99

40
Q

Hypertension Stage 2

A

Systolic = 160 or higher, Diastolic = 100 or higher

41
Q

Hypertension Crisis

A

Systolic = higher than 180, Diastolic = higher than 110

42
Q

Normal Resting Heart Rate (Adult)

A

60-100 bpm

43
Q

Pulse Points (Artery zones)

A

Carotid arteries (neck), Radial arteries (wrist), Brachial arteries (arm)

44
Q

ECG/EKG - Electrocardiogram

A

recording of the electrical events (changes) during a cardiac cycle; p wave = depolarization of the atria (atrial contraction), QRS complex = depolarization of ventricles (ventricular contraction), t wave = repolarization of the ventricles (relaxation)

45
Q

Tachycardia

A

fast heart rate

46
Q

Bradycardia

A

slow heart rate

47
Q

Arrhythmia

A

irregular heart rate

48
Q

Cardiac Conduction System

A
  1. Sinoatrial (S-A) Node – “Pacemaker.” generates rhythmic impulses which spread through the myocardium.
  2. Junctional Fibers – carries impulses into the A-V Node.
  3. Atrioventricular Node (A-V) – conducts impulses from the atria through the septum, to the ventricles.
  4. A-V Bundle – within the interventricular septum. A right and left branch transmits impulse to walls of the ventricles.
  5. Perkinje Fibers – Branch throughout the walls of the ventricles and carry impulse rapidly, stimulating contraction
49
Q

Reg. (homeostasis) of Cardiac Cycle

A

heart rate is controlled by the cardiac center within the medulla oblongata

50
Q

Capillaries connect to…

A

arterioles and venules to exchange materials (e.g. O2/nutrients)

51
Q

Precapillar Sphincters

A

valve-like muscle that controls the blood flow from arterioles into capillaries (vasoconstriction, vasodilation, and normal cross section)

52
Q

Blood Flow Through Veins

A

not efficient, slow; the contraction of the diaphragm, pumping actions of skeletal muscles and valves in the veins allow the blood to return to the heart

53
Q

Blood Clot

A

can occur if the blood does not flow properly through the veins (e.g. not moving enough)

54
Q

Varicose Veins

A

blood pools in the veins

55
Q

Branches of the Aorta

A
  • Brachiocephalic Artery: supplies blood to the head, neck, and upper extremities and branches into the
  • Right Subclavian Artery: supplies blood to the right arms
  • and the Right Common Carotid Artery: supplies blood to the head, brain, and eyes
  • Left Subclavian Artery: supplies blood to the left arms
  • Left Common Carotid Artery: supplies blood to the head
56
Q

Coronary Arteries

A

supplies blood to the heart itself

57
Q

SADS

A

Sudden Arrhythmia Death Syndrome/Sudden Adult Death Syndrome; abnormal heart rhythm goes untreated and leads to cardiac arrest

58
Q

Lifesaving Heart Practices

A
  • defibrillator
  • cardiopulmonary resuscitation
59
Q

Heart Murmurs

A

unusual sound heard during a heartbeat (whooshing or swishing); may or may not be a valve issue

60
Q

MVP

A

mitral valve prolapse; valve shifts out of place; creates a clicking sound at the end of a contraction

61
Q

Mitral or Aortic Regurgitation (backward flow)

A

backward flow of blood resulting in the mitral and/or aortic valve; can be caused by mitral valve prolapse or mitral valve or aortic stenosis (abnormal narrowing)

62
Q

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

A

obstruction to the coronary artery; “heart attack” (treatment = bypass graft to restore blood flow to heart) – diagnosed through an ECG and/or blood tests

63
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

deposits of fatty materials form a “plaque” in the arteries, reducing blood flow (treatment = catheter is inserted into artery and balloon is used to stretch open artery)

64
Q

Hypertension

A

high blood pressure

65
Q

Aneurysm

A

localized, blood-filled balloon-like bulge in the wall of a blood vessel

66
Q

Stroke

A

blood flow to brain is cut off (hemorrhagic = caused by an aneurysm, blood vessel breaks/leakes OR ischemic = blood vessel is blocked)

67
Q

Aortic Stenosis

A

valve or aorta is narrowed, limiting blood flow

68
Q

Ventricular or Atrial Septal Defect

A

hole exists between the two sides of the heart (aka the septum)

A&P - P.3 (17 decks)

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