A&P U1 Summative

Question 1

Homeostasis

Answer 1

body’s ability to maintain relatively constant internal conditions and return to conditions if upset (failure to maintain = illness/death)

Question 2

Dynamic equilibrium

Answer 2

balanced change, body constantly adjusting to external changes

Question 3

Feedback loops

Answer 3

mechanisms that alter the original changes that triggered them

Question 4

Autoregulation

Answer 4

change is automatic, enviormental change & automatic system change in the activities of a cell, tissue, organ, system

Question 5

Extrinsic Regulation

Answer 5

involves nervous or endocrine (hormone) systems hormones = chemical messengers produced in one part of the body having an effect on another (target)

Question 6

Negative FB

Answer 6

way the body RETURNS to stable conditions (e.g. thermoregulation prompts blood vessels to constrict when cold or dilate when hot & blood sugar control pancreas releases insulin when sugar is high and glucagon when sugar is low)

Question 7

Positive FB

Answer 7

self-amplifying cycle to reach a target (e.g. childbirth increasing output of oxytocin & uterine contractions during childbirth, urination, defaction*

Question 8

Differentiation

Answer 8

process by which unspecialized cells become specialized (carrys out particular functions)

Question 9

Metabolism (catabolism vs. anabolism)

Answer 9

bodily physical/chemical changes (catabolism = decomposition, anabolism = synthesis)

Question 10

Metabolism connection to energy

Answer 10

All bodily metabolic processes/reactions are related to energy (when chemical bonds are broken energy is released & when chemical bonds are made energy is stored)

Question 11

Requirements for human life

Answer 11

Food: provides nutrients for the body and energy for metabolic reactions
Water: used for metabolic processes, transporting substances, maintaining body temperature (e.g. perspiration)
Oxygen: used to release energy from nutrients
Heat: metabolic processes produce heat, heat is necessary for body temperature regulation
Pressure: relatively normal body pressure is needed for the body to maintain a proper flow of blood from the heart to the body’s organs and tissues (blood = vital transporter)

Question 12

Nature of human life

Answer 12

• Cellular organization: microscopic units of structure, all functions of the body
• Biochemical unity: things unique to living things (proteins, lipids, etc.)
• Metabolism

Question 13

Vital signs

Answer 13

way to see if the body’s essential functions are in good condition (e.g. pulse, respiration, blood pressure, weight, blood glucose level)

Question 14

Responsiveness

Answer 14

excitability via condition of a change in condition (stress), body’s ability to adapt to a change detection by a cell, reaction to stress via receptors, action by effector

Question 15

Set Point

Answer 15

“Normal” condition of the body, negative FB loops aim to reach this set point, positive FB loops aim to move farther away

Question 16

Effector

Answer 16

Cell, tissue, or organ that reacts to the signals given from the brain/nerve signals, responds to the stimulus

Question 17

Body systems

Answer 17

The 11 organ systems: the respiratory system, digestive and excretory system, circulatory system, urinary system, integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, endocrine system, lymphatic system, nervous system, and reproductive system.

Question 18

Membranes

Answer 18

Parietal membrane = outer layer, relating to the wall of the body cavity
Visceral membrane = inner layer, relating to an organ