Typology Flashcards

1
Q

What is mutual intelligibility

A

When speakers on average can understand each other

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2
Q

Canadian english and dutch dont understand each other meaning that its

A

Unintelligible

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3
Q

Canadian english and british english are

A

Mutual intelligibility.

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4
Q

What is a factor between varieties of language

A

politics

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5
Q

True or false, mutually intelligible varieties can be labelled as different languages

A

True. Swedish and norwegian can understand each other but not the same language.

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6
Q

What are called mutual unintelligible languages in the same country

A

Dialects. Catalan, spanish

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7
Q

True or false. Mutually intelligible can use different orthographic systems

A

True.

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8
Q

True or false. Mutually unintelligible varieties can use the same orthographic system

A

True. Cantonese vs Mandarin

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9
Q

What do we call the gradual transition between two non-mutually intelligible varieties.

A

Dialect continuum

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10
Q

What is conundrum

A

some speakers in the continuum dont understand each other. Most nearby languages understand each other

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11
Q

Are speakers evenly distributed between languages

A

No.

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12
Q

Most languages are spoken by more than 100,000 speakers.

A

False

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13
Q

What happens when the last native speaker of a language dies

A

Language death

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14
Q

How often does language death happens

A

Every 3 month

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15
Q

Is Latin a language death

A

No language change

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16
Q

Latin, Sanskrit, ancient Egyptian, survived as what language

A

Romance languages
Indic languages
Coptic

17
Q

How many languages are there

18
Q

most language are spoken by less than 100 000 speakers

19
Q

Around half language in the world are spoken by less than 10 000 speakers

20
Q

Something that is true for all languages is called

A

Absolute universal

21
Q

Something that is usually, but not always true

A

Universal tendency

22
Q

When something has to be true if something else is true

A

Implicational universal. If theres marked structure, it implies there are unmarked structured

23
Q

What is unmarked

A

Elements that are basic, easy to learn, cross-linguistically expected

24
Q

What is marked

A

Structures/elements that are complex, difficult to learn, cross-linguistically rare

25
What are some absolute universals
All lang. exhibit linguistic creativity, have stops, have vowels, have stress, have morphology
26
What are some universal tendencies
Syllable obeys sonority principle. rising towards nucleus and falling away from nucleus. Most common stop phonemes are (p,t,k) Most languages have labial,nasals, fricatives consonants
27
What is an exception to sonority principle
Russian
28
What is an exception to the common stop phonemes
hawaiian lacks t
29
What is an exception of most language have labial consonants
Mohawk
30
What are some implicational universals
Presence of front rounded vowels = presence of front unrounded vowels Presence of nasals phonemes = presence of oral phonemes Presence of inflectional affixes = derivational affixes
31
Is inflectional but no derivational attested or unattested
Unattested
32
The statement 'most languages have nasal consonants' is an example of
universal tendency