sociolinguistics

Question 1

What are social markers

Answer 1

particular linguistic features that reveal us to be a member of a speech community (can be conscious or subconscious)

Question 2

is vocal fry a linguistic social marker or part of the phonology in english

Answer 2

social marker

Question 3

do social marker differ from languages

Answer 3

yes

Question 4

What is free variation

Answer 4

allophony not conditioned by phonological environment (conditioned by social factor). no variation is truly free or random

Question 5

Is variation free or random

Answer 5

no

Question 6

what is the biggest component of free variation

Answer 6

sociolinguistic factors
(what variety you speak, who your are speaking to, what is the situation)

Question 7

what other factors are important in free variation

Answer 7

mood, sobriety…

Question 8

English unreleased stops

Answer 8

p,t,k - no release of air. Not determined by phonology but social factors

Question 9

In english, in what position are voiceless stop in free variation with unrealeased stops

Answer 9

in word final position. stops are sometimes released

Question 10

what is Locus of variation

Answer 10

all areas of language can be target for socio-ling. variation

Question 11

what are the areas of language that are affected by socio ling. variation

Answer 11

phonetics: new zealand English vs canadian
phonology : caught cot
morphology: I dived, i dove
syntax: double negation
word choice: pop vs soda

Question 12

what is a speech community

Answer 12

group of speakers sharing sociolinguistic norms about language use. speakers tend to speak like the people they speak too

Question 13

does everyone in speech community speak the same

Answer 13

no. all unique : idiolect

Question 14

speech communities differ across sociological dimensions like

Answer 14

geography, age, economic class, ethnicity, sexual orientation, gender

Question 15

features that are prescriptively incorrect are part of what

Answer 15

stigmatized speech community

Question 16

whats the diff dialect vs accent

Answer 16

dialect: geographically separate, mutually intelligible speech variety. Cockney, newfie, new zealand ; all dialects of english

Accent: phonetic component of a dialect
outside of linguistics: pronunciation of a non-standard/non-local variety

Question 17

in linguistics all dialects are associated with an accent. T OR F

Answer 17

true. Everyone has an accent

Question 18

Do speakers of diff ages belong to different speech communities

Answer 18

yes. old dont sound like young even in same dialect

Question 19

Do people alter their speech over time

Answer 19

not after you finish acquiring native language. its less malleable. 60 years old sound like 20 years old 40 years ago. but their speech change a little bit

Question 20

real time vs apparent time study

Answer 20

real time study: measuring variable at different points in time. very time consumer

apparent time study: measure same variable at one point in time across different age group. some errors. differences in age groups reflect past and future trends.

Question 21

what are the two types of prestige

Answer 21

overt: when linguistic features are associated with high socio-economic class - standard dialect or prescriptive notions

covert: when non-standard ling. features associate the speaker with a desired but non-standard speech community. Advantageous to not speak a standard variety: Writing a rap. you dont want to speak standard variety.

dialectal features: sound local and not foreign

features of non-standard varieties: sound wordly and casual.

Question 22

what is a change from above

Answer 22

ling. feature perpetuated by higher social class. overtly prestigious.

Question 23

who is more likely to lead change from above

Answer 23

women

Question 24

what is change from below

Answer 24

new ling feature perpetuated by lower social class. covertly prestigious

Question 25

who lead change from below

Answer 25

men

Question 26

change is more likely to be accepted by future generation if the change is made from…

Answer 26

women