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Medical Conditions II > Types of Infectious Diseases > Flashcards

Types of Infectious Diseases Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Examples of Infectious Diseases

A
  • pneumonia
  • Tuberculosis
  • hepatitis
  • leprosy
  • chickenpox
  • meningitis
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2
Q

Examples of Bacterial Infections

A
  • staphylococcus
  • streptococcus
  • pseudomonas
  • clostridial myonecrosis (gangrene)
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3
Q

Examples of Viral Infections

A
  • bloodborne=hepatitis B & C, HIV
  • Herpes virus
  • viral respiratory infections
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4
Q

Most common suppurative infection:

A

-staphylococcus aureus

all ages

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5
Q

Staphyloccocus Aureus affects:

A
  • lungs
  • heart
  • soft tissue
  • joints
  • bones
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6
Q

Leading cause of endocarditis

A

-staphylococcus aureus

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7
Q

Prevention of staphylococcus aureus

A

-hand washing/sanitizing

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8
Q

Treatment of Staphylococcus Aureus

A
  • drainage

- antibiotics

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9
Q

Diseases caused by staphylococcal infections

A
  • Table 8-6, page 317
  • necrotizing fasciitis
  • cellulitis
  • myositis
  • pneumonia
  • MRSA (a form of staph)
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10
Q

Streptococcus causes:

A

-suppurative and non-suppurative infections

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11
Q

Most common bacterial pathogen to humans

A

-streptococcus

every age

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12
Q

Pseudomonas most commonly acquired in___

A

-hospitals, nursing homes

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13
Q

Pseudomonas can lead to:

A
  • pneumonia
  • wound infections
  • UTI
  • sepsis
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14
Q

Pseudomonas thrives in:

A

-moist environments

pools, whirlpools, respiratory equipment, liquid soap dispensers, hubbard tanks

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15
Q

Clostridial Myonecrosis

A
  • gangrene
  • 3 forms (dry, moist, gas)
  • opportunistic
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16
Q

People at risk for clostridial myonecrosis

A
  • following significant trauma (civilian or military)

- septic abortions

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17
Q

Prevention of clostridial myonecrosis

A
  • wound hygiene

- especially high risk pts

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18
Q

Pneumonia

A

-inflammatino of parenchyma of lungs

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19
Q

causes of Pneumonia

A
  • staphylococcus (bacteria)
  • streptococcus (bacteria)
  • viral infection
  • mycoplasma infection
  • inhalation of toxins
  • aspiration of food, fluid, vomitus
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20
Q

Most commonly encountered disease

A
  • pneumonia

- 10% of adult admissions and leading cause of death

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21
Q

Risk Factors for Pneumonia

A
  • smoking
  • influenza
  • sinusitis
  • chronic bronchitis
  • DM
  • uremia
  • dehydration
  • malnutrition
  • AIDs
  • confinement in medical setting
  • treatment with antineoplastic chemo or immunosuppressants
  • older age
  • young infants
  • bedridden/disabled ppl
  • periodontal disease
  • problems with swallowing
  • altered consciousness
  • problems with medicine taking
  • neuromuscular disease
  • surgery
  • tracheal intubation
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22
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A

-bacterial pathogen that affects children and adults world wide (pneumonia)

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23
Q

Pneumonia Pathogenesis

A
  • endotoxins released by pathogens damage bronchial mucous and alveocapillary membranes
  • inflammation and edema fill terminal bronchioles
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24
Q

S/Sx of Pneumonia

A
  • sudden/sharp pleuritic pain agg by movement
  • hacking/productive cough
  • rust/green sputum
  • decreased chest excursion
  • cyanosis
  • headache
  • fatigue/fever/chills
  • generalized aches
  • myalgia of thighs/calf Mm
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25
Q

Primary Prevention of Pneumonia

A
  • standard precautions
  • vaccine (65+ yo, high risk groups)
  • early ambulation post-surgery
  • positioning to prevent aspiration
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26
Q

Pneumonia Treatment

A
  • antibiotics
  • fluids
  • ventilatory support if needed
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27
Q

PT management of pneumonia

A
  • pulmonary hygiene
  • deep breathing
  • coughing
  • therapeutic positioning
  • chest PT
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28
Q

clostridium difficile

A

-spore-forming bacteria

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29
Q

S/Sx clostridium difficile

A
  • voluminous watery stools
  • dehydration
  • Later: reactive arthritis
30
Q

Prevention of clostridium difficile

A
  • sanitizer doesn’t work
  • washing with soap and water only
  • resistant to many antibiotics
31
Q

Hepatitis

A

-bloodborne virus that attacks liver

32
Q

Hepatitis B leads to

A
  • cardiac valve disease
  • jaundice
  • arthralgias
  • rash
  • dark urine
  • anorexia
  • nausea
  • painful abdominal bloating
  • fever
  • clay-colored stools

-high risk for healthcare workers

33
Q

Hepatitis C

A
  • 80% develop chronic hepatitis

- 30% also develop cirrhosis

34
Q

Herpes Virus

A
  • 5 types

- HSV-1 through HSV-5

35
Q

HSV-1 & HSV-2

A

-simplex causes lesions on mouth and genitals

36
Q

HSV-3

A

-zoster associated with chicken pox and shingles

37
Q

HSV-4

A

mononucleuosis (kissing disease)

38
Q

HSV-5

A
  • cytomegalovirus

- brain affected in utero

39
Q

VZV

A
  • varicella-zoster virus
  • primary: varicella–chickenpox
  • secondary: herpes zoster–shingles
  • persist in sensory nerve ganglia
40
Q

Transmission of VZV

A

-droplets

within 3 feet of pt

41
Q

Primary Varicella Zoster

A
  • chickenpox

- skin rash of blister like lesions–body, face, scalp, trunk, fever

42
Q

Spreading of Chickenpox

A
  • coughing/sneezing
  • direct contact
  • aerosolization of virus from skin lesions
43
Q

Secondary VZV

A
  • shingles

- painful skin rash in dermatomal pattern

44
Q

person can contract chicken pox from:

A

-someone with shingles

direct contact

45
Q

Precautions of Primary VZV

A
  • contact precautions

- airborne precautions

46
Q

Precautions of Secondary VZV

A

-contact precautions

47
Q

Influenza

A

-viral respiratory infection

48
Q

Influenza contracted via:

A

-droplets

49
Q

Incubation period of influenza

A

-1-5 days

50
Q

S/Sx Influenza

A
  • fever/chills
  • malaise
  • Muscular ache
  • substernal soreness
  • headache
  • nasal stuffiness
  • sore throat
  • occasional nausea
51
Q

Influenza: vulnerable populations develop___

A
  • acute sinusitis
  • otitis media
  • purulent bronchitis
  • pneumonia
52
Q

S/Sx of infections of prosthetic/implants

A

-INCREASING joint pain

53
Q

most common vector borne infectious disease in US

A

-lyme disease

54
Q

latent symptoms of lyme disease

A
  • skin rash
  • swelling
  • recurrent joint pain (knees most)
  • neurologic manifestations
55
Q

S/Sx Lyme Disease

A
  • BULLSEYE rash
  • NT, burning in arms legs
  • twitching/weakness/paralysis of face/arms/legs
  • sharp pain in arms/legs/neck/back
  • increased light sensitivity
  • memory/concentration/learning problems
  • speech problems
  • mood swings/depression
  • abnormal thought processes
56
Q

Myobacterium Tuberculosis

A
  • TB=an infective inflammatory systemic disease affecting the lungs and may involve other organs.
  • drug resistant strains present
57
Q

TB method of transmission

A
  • airborne

- spread of infectious nuclei through sneezing, laughing, speaking, singing, coughing

58
Q

Risk Factors of TB

A
  • older adults
  • HIV
  • low SES
  • over crowded populations
  • using injected drugs
  • kids under 5
  • prison inmates
  • DM
  • end stage renal disease
  • immunocompromised
59
Q

TB pathophysiolgy

A
  • nuclei with bacteria become established in the lung with bacilli multiplying
  • epithelial cells proliferate and surround bacilli forming tubercles
  • residual lesions are sites for potential reactivation
60
Q

S/Sx of TB

A
  • productive cough >3 weeks
  • weight loss
  • night sweats
  • fever
  • fatigue
  • malaise
  • anorexia
  • rales
  • may involve brain ans spinal cord
61
Q

Primary Prevention of TB

A
  • cover mouth/nose
  • room ventilation (neg pressure)
  • prevent overcrowding
  • vaccine
62
Q

Secondary Prevention of TB

A
  • skin test followed by chest x-ray
  • anti-TB meds (7-9 months worth)
  • chemotherapy
63
Q

Mycobacterium Leprae

A
  • Leprosy

- primarily affects skin, peripheral nerves, eyes and mucosa of upper respiratory tract

64
Q

Diagnosis of Leprosy

A
  • skin lesion consistent with leprosy with definite sensory loss (w/ or w/o thickened nerves)
  • positive skin smears
65
Q

S/Sx Leprosy

A
  • skin lesions
  • lesions less pigmented or reddish/copper colored
  • macules/papules/nodules most common
  • sensory loss
66
Q

Bacterial Meningitis

A

-mostly from streptococcus pneumoniae

67
Q

Population at risk for bacterial meningitis

A
  • very young
  • very old
  • people in close quarters
68
Q

S/Sx Bacterial Meningitis

A
  • fever
  • headache
  • stiff, painful neck
  • flexion of legs with neck flexion (brudzinski’s sign)
  • seizures
  • vomiting
  • coma
69
Q

Diagnosis of Bacterial Meningitis

A

-lumbar puncture

70
Q

Treatment of Bacterial Meningitis

A
  • antibiotics

- must be able to cross blood brain barrier

Medical Conditions II (34 decks)

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