Types of Infectious Diseases Flashcards
Examples of Infectious Diseases
- pneumonia
- Tuberculosis
- hepatitis
- leprosy
- chickenpox
- meningitis
Examples of Bacterial Infections
- staphylococcus
- streptococcus
- pseudomonas
- clostridial myonecrosis (gangrene)
Examples of Viral Infections
- bloodborne=hepatitis B & C, HIV
- Herpes virus
- viral respiratory infections
Most common suppurative infection:
-staphylococcus aureus
all ages
Staphyloccocus Aureus affects:
- lungs
- heart
- soft tissue
- joints
- bones
Leading cause of endocarditis
-staphylococcus aureus
Prevention of staphylococcus aureus
-hand washing/sanitizing
Treatment of Staphylococcus Aureus
- drainage
- antibiotics
Diseases caused by staphylococcal infections
- Table 8-6, page 317
- necrotizing fasciitis
- cellulitis
- myositis
- pneumonia
- MRSA (a form of staph)
Streptococcus causes:
-suppurative and non-suppurative infections
Most common bacterial pathogen to humans
-streptococcus
every age
Pseudomonas most commonly acquired in___
-hospitals, nursing homes
Pseudomonas can lead to:
- pneumonia
- wound infections
- UTI
- sepsis
Pseudomonas thrives in:
-moist environments
pools, whirlpools, respiratory equipment, liquid soap dispensers, hubbard tanks
Clostridial Myonecrosis
- gangrene
- 3 forms (dry, moist, gas)
- opportunistic
People at risk for clostridial myonecrosis
- following significant trauma (civilian or military)
- septic abortions
Prevention of clostridial myonecrosis
- wound hygiene
- especially high risk pts
Pneumonia
-inflammatino of parenchyma of lungs
causes of Pneumonia
- staphylococcus (bacteria)
- streptococcus (bacteria)
- viral infection
- mycoplasma infection
- inhalation of toxins
- aspiration of food, fluid, vomitus
Most commonly encountered disease
- pneumonia
- 10% of adult admissions and leading cause of death
Risk Factors for Pneumonia
- smoking
- influenza
- sinusitis
- chronic bronchitis
- DM
- uremia
- dehydration
- malnutrition
- AIDs
- confinement in medical setting
- treatment with antineoplastic chemo or immunosuppressants
- older age
- young infants
- bedridden/disabled ppl
- periodontal disease
- problems with swallowing
- altered consciousness
- problems with medicine taking
- neuromuscular disease
- surgery
- tracheal intubation
Streptococcus pneumoniae
-bacterial pathogen that affects children and adults world wide (pneumonia)
Pneumonia Pathogenesis
- endotoxins released by pathogens damage bronchial mucous and alveocapillary membranes
- inflammation and edema fill terminal bronchioles
S/Sx of Pneumonia
- sudden/sharp pleuritic pain agg by movement
- hacking/productive cough
- rust/green sputum
- decreased chest excursion
- cyanosis
- headache
- fatigue/fever/chills
- generalized aches
- myalgia of thighs/calf Mm
Primary Prevention of Pneumonia
- standard precautions
- vaccine (65+ yo, high risk groups)
- early ambulation post-surgery
- positioning to prevent aspiration
Pneumonia Treatment
- antibiotics
- fluids
- ventilatory support if needed
PT management of pneumonia
- pulmonary hygiene
- deep breathing
- coughing
- therapeutic positioning
- chest PT
clostridium difficile
-spore-forming bacteria
S/Sx clostridium difficile
- voluminous watery stools
- dehydration
- Later: reactive arthritis
Prevention of clostridium difficile
- sanitizer doesn’t work
- washing with soap and water only
- resistant to many antibiotics
Hepatitis
-bloodborne virus that attacks liver
Hepatitis B leads to
- cardiac valve disease
- jaundice
- arthralgias
- rash
- dark urine
- anorexia
- nausea
- painful abdominal bloating
- fever
- clay-colored stools
-high risk for healthcare workers
Hepatitis C
- 80% develop chronic hepatitis
- 30% also develop cirrhosis
Herpes Virus
- 5 types
- HSV-1 through HSV-5
HSV-1 & HSV-2
-simplex causes lesions on mouth and genitals
HSV-3
-zoster associated with chicken pox and shingles
HSV-4
mononucleuosis (kissing disease)
HSV-5
- cytomegalovirus
- brain affected in utero
VZV
- varicella-zoster virus
- primary: varicella–chickenpox
- secondary: herpes zoster–shingles
- persist in sensory nerve ganglia
Transmission of VZV
-droplets
within 3 feet of pt
Primary Varicella Zoster
- chickenpox
- skin rash of blister like lesions–body, face, scalp, trunk, fever
Spreading of Chickenpox
- coughing/sneezing
- direct contact
- aerosolization of virus from skin lesions
Secondary VZV
- shingles
- painful skin rash in dermatomal pattern
person can contract chicken pox from:
-someone with shingles
direct contact
Precautions of Primary VZV
- contact precautions
- airborne precautions
Precautions of Secondary VZV
-contact precautions
Influenza
-viral respiratory infection
Influenza contracted via:
-droplets
Incubation period of influenza
-1-5 days
S/Sx Influenza
- fever/chills
- malaise
- Muscular ache
- substernal soreness
- headache
- nasal stuffiness
- sore throat
- occasional nausea
Influenza: vulnerable populations develop___
- acute sinusitis
- otitis media
- purulent bronchitis
- pneumonia
S/Sx of infections of prosthetic/implants
-INCREASING joint pain
most common vector borne infectious disease in US
-lyme disease
latent symptoms of lyme disease
- skin rash
- swelling
- recurrent joint pain (knees most)
- neurologic manifestations
S/Sx Lyme Disease
- BULLSEYE rash
- NT, burning in arms legs
- twitching/weakness/paralysis of face/arms/legs
- sharp pain in arms/legs/neck/back
- increased light sensitivity
- memory/concentration/learning problems
- speech problems
- mood swings/depression
- abnormal thought processes
Myobacterium Tuberculosis
- TB=an infective inflammatory systemic disease affecting the lungs and may involve other organs.
- drug resistant strains present
TB method of transmission
- airborne
- spread of infectious nuclei through sneezing, laughing, speaking, singing, coughing
Risk Factors of TB
- older adults
- HIV
- low SES
- over crowded populations
- using injected drugs
- kids under 5
- prison inmates
- DM
- end stage renal disease
- immunocompromised
TB pathophysiolgy
- nuclei with bacteria become established in the lung with bacilli multiplying
- epithelial cells proliferate and surround bacilli forming tubercles
- residual lesions are sites for potential reactivation
S/Sx of TB
- productive cough >3 weeks
- weight loss
- night sweats
- fever
- fatigue
- malaise
- anorexia
- rales
- may involve brain ans spinal cord
Primary Prevention of TB
- cover mouth/nose
- room ventilation (neg pressure)
- prevent overcrowding
- vaccine
Secondary Prevention of TB
- skin test followed by chest x-ray
- anti-TB meds (7-9 months worth)
- chemotherapy
Mycobacterium Leprae
- Leprosy
- primarily affects skin, peripheral nerves, eyes and mucosa of upper respiratory tract
Diagnosis of Leprosy
- skin lesion consistent with leprosy with definite sensory loss (w/ or w/o thickened nerves)
- positive skin smears
S/Sx Leprosy
- skin lesions
- lesions less pigmented or reddish/copper colored
- macules/papules/nodules most common
- sensory loss
Bacterial Meningitis
-mostly from streptococcus pneumoniae
Population at risk for bacterial meningitis
- very young
- very old
- people in close quarters
S/Sx Bacterial Meningitis
- fever
- headache
- stiff, painful neck
- flexion of legs with neck flexion (brudzinski’s sign)
- seizures
- vomiting
- coma
Diagnosis of Bacterial Meningitis
-lumbar puncture
Treatment of Bacterial Meningitis
- antibiotics
- must be able to cross blood brain barrier
