Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medical Conditions II > Autoimmune Pathology > Flashcards

Autoimmune Pathology Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

The immune response is characterized by a balance of

A

-chemical messengers that are made by inflammatory cells and promote other cells to incr/decr immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Type I Hypersensitivity

A

-IgE is produced instead of IgG

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Type I Hypersensitivity Reactions

A
  • hay fever
  • allergic rhinitis
  • extrinsic asthma
  • anaphylactic shock

-Local and potential systemic response with exposure to allergen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Type II Hypersensitivity

A

-cytotoxic reaction to self-antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Type II Hypersensitivity Reactions

A
  • blood transfusion reactions
  • hemolytic disease of newborn
  • autoimmune hemolytic anemia
  • myasthenia gravis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Type II Hypersensitivity can also occur with a cross reaction between ____ & _____

A
  • exogenous pathogens

- endogenous body tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Type III Hypersensitivity

A
  • immune complex disease

- antigen-antibody complexes deposit in tissues around small blood vessels–>vasculitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Vasculitis Affects the:

A
  • skin
  • joints
  • kidneys
  • pleura
  • pericardium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Type IV Hypersensitivity

A

-delayed hypersensitivity such as contact dermatitis with exposure to allergens such as poison ivy, adhesive, latex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Type IV Hypersensitivity Reactions

A
  • graft vs host disease

- transplant rejection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Antigens processed by ____ and presented to ____

A
  • macrophages

- T cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

___ & ____ cells respond and recruit lymphocytes, monocytes and macrophages

A
  • T4

- T8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cause of Autoimmune Disorders

Auto-Antigens

A
  • drugs produce several autoimmune responses
  • photosensitivity can cause allergic reactions in some pts
  • trauma, infections, emotional distress can be triggers for some autoimmune diseases
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cause of Autoimmune Disorders

Antigenic Stimulation/Suppressor T Cell Suppression

A
  • antigenic stimulation results in antibody formation, activating T cells
  • autoimmune reaction is normally held in check by suppressor T-cells.
  • Suppressor T-Cell Suppression
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Cause of Autoimmune Disorders

Genetics

A
  • women>men

- higher incidence of same type of auto-antibodies or similar autoimmune diseases in relatives

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Autoimmune disorders

A

–condition where immune system produces auto-antibodies to an endogenous antigen with injury to tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Auto-Antibodies Contribute to:

A
  • Diabetes: T-cells attacking pancreas

- RA: auto-antibody called rheumatoid factor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Examples of Autoimmune Disorders

A
  • SLE
  • Psoriasis
  • Psoriatic Arthritis
  • Grave’s Disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Grave’s Disease

A

-antibodies against thyroid cell membrane, including TSH receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Immune reactions are characterized by:

A
  • inflammation which may be chronic

- results in damage to normal tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Areas affected by autoimmune disorders

A
  • connective tissue in/around joints inflammed
  • inflammed muscles
  • pericardium
  • pleura
  • brain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Lab Tests of Autoimmune Diseases Reveal

A
  • thrombocytopenia
  • leukopenia
  • immunoglobulin excesses or deficiencies
  • antinuclear antibodies
  • rheumatoid factor
  • cryoglobulins
  • false-positive
  • serologic tests
  • elevated muscle enzymes
  • alterations in seru complement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Autoimmune Disorders

A
  • synovitis
  • pleuritis
  • myocarditis
  • endocarditis
  • pericarditis
  • peritonitis
  • vasculitis
  • myositis
  • skin rash
  • nephritis
  • alterations in connective tissue
  • constitutional symptoms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Constitutional Symptoms

A
  • fatigue
  • malaise
  • myalgias
  • arthralgias
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Management of Autoimmune Disorders

A
  • suppression of immune system
  • palliative management of symptoms
  • immunoablation then stem cell transplantation
  • possibility of vaccines
  • gene therapy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Examples of Autoimmune Disorders

A
  • addison’s disease
  • crohn’s disease
  • chronic active hepatitis
  • DM
  • primary biliary cirrhosis
  • grave’s disease
  • Hashimoto’s disease
  • Ulcerative Colitis
  • Giant cell arteritis
  • hemolytic anemia
  • idiopathic thrombocytopenia
  • polymyositis
  • dermatomyositis
  • post-viral encephalitis
  • amyloidosis
  • ankylosing spondylitis
  • mixed connective tissue disease
  • fibromyalgia
  • MS
  • polymyalgia rheumatica
  • progressive systemic sclerosis
  • psoriasis
  • Reiter’s syndrome
  • RA
  • Sarcoidosis
  • Sjogren’s Syndrome
  • SLE
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Rheumatism

A
  • any disorder marked by inflam, degen or metabolic derangement of connective tissue, especially joints
  • pain, stiffness, limited movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Gout

A
  • recurrent acute/chronic arthritis of peripheral joints that results from hyperuricemic body fluids
  • leads to formation of deposits in joints, soft tissue and kidneys
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Diagnosis of Gout

A
  • synovial fluid assessment

- elevated serum uric acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Management of Gout

A
  • may improve with weight loss & decreased consumption of alcohol & purines
  • NSAIDs
  • rest/protect joints
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Psoriatic Arthritis

A
  • RA-like arthritis associated with psoriasis of skin/nails
  • in people with psoriasis
  • painful, inflamed joints
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Juvenile RA

A
  • chronic inflammatory, systemic disease

- damage to connective tissue and viscera

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

RA

A
  • chronic, systemic disorder

- affects synovial membrane and articular cartilage of entire body

34
Q

RA Imaging

A
  • X-ray

- marginal bony erosion

35
Q

RA usually affects joint

A

-symmetrically

36
Q

RA commonly affects

A
  • wrists
  • hands
  • elbows
  • shoulders
  • knees
  • ankles
37
Q

Smoking increases risk of:

A

-RA

38
Q

Anklylosing Spondylitis

A

-inflam of axial skeleton & large peripheral joints

39
Q

Initial Symptom of Anklylosing Spondylitis

A
  • insidious onset of LBP, buttock or hip pain
  • decreased chest excursion & spinal mobility
  • decreased Lumbar lordosis
40
Q

After initial inflammation of Anklylosing Spondylitis

A
  • SI joints fuse
  • leaves no trace of joint surfaces
  • then spine fuses (bamboo spine)
41
Q

Treatment of Anklylosing Spondylitis

A
  • NSAIDs for pain
  • bisphosphonate drugs for severe back pain
  • stretching
  • aerobic ex’s
  • breathing exercises
  • trunk extensor strength
  • pain free rotation
42
Q

Scleroderma

systemic sclerosis

A
  • chronic disease
  • diffuse fibrosis
  • degenerative changes
  • vascular abnormalities of skin, articular surfaces, internal organs (GI, lung, heart, kidney)
43
Q

Early Manifestation of Scleroderma

A

-bilateral symmetric swelling of fingers and hands

44
Q

In Scleroderma, edema is replaced by ______ in a few weeks to several months resulting in ________

A
  • induration

- thick, hard skin

45
Q

In Scleroderma skin thickness spreads rapidly within _____ to _____

A
  • months

- forearms, upper arms, face, trunk

46
Q

Scleroderma Fingertips

A
  • taut
  • shiny
  • thickened
  • contractures of hands
47
Q

Scleroderma Profile

A
  • female> male (5:1)
  • age 30-50
  • could be after severe emotional shock
48
Q

Pathogenesis of Scleroderma

A
  • widespread vasculopathy
  • fibrosis
  • relentlis deposition of collagen in blood vessels
  • connection between vasculopathy and skin fibrosis not understood
49
Q

3 Stages of Scleroderma

A
  • edematous stage
  • sclerotic stage
  • atrophic stage
  • skin calcification (stage 4)
50
Q

Edematous Stage

A

-bilateral non-pitting edema in fingers/hands

51
Q

Sclerotic Stage

A
  • skin taut, waxy and smooth

- appears bound to underlying tissue

52
Q

Atrophic Stage

A
  • skin atrophies
  • contractures
  • ulcerations at joints
53
Q

Classification of Scleroderma

A
  • Systemic
  • Localized
  • overlap (associated with PD/DM)
  • diffuse (rapid progressing)
54
Q

Systemic Scleroderma

A

-skin thickening in distal extremities and face

55
Q

Localized Scleroderma

A
  • single/multiple plaques without fibrosis

- single/multiple bands involving skin and deeper tissue

56
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Scleroderma

A
  • Cardiovascular: HTN
  • Joints: arthritis
  • Lungs: interstitial fibrosis
  • GI: esophageal dysfunction
  • Kidney: leads to HTN; renal failure, death
  • CREST Syndrome
57
Q

CREST Syndrome

A
  • Calcinosis
  • Raynaud’s phenomenon
  • Esophageal dysmobility
  • Sclerodactyly
  • Telangiectasia
58
Q

Raynaud’s Phenomenon

A
  • Abn vasoconstriction followed by vasodilation
  • pale, cool and painful–>red
  • agg by cold, vibratory forces, tobacco use
59
Q

Scleroderma Management

A
  • NSAIDs for pain
  • Penicillamine: slow thickening
  • Immunosuppressants
60
Q

PT Management of Scleroderma

A
  • prevent skin damage
  • prevent infections
  • wound care
  • avoid excessive bathing/moisturizing creams with glycerin
  • strenghtening
  • ROM
  • soft tissue mob (careful)
  • aquatic theray
  • joint protection/splints
61
Q

Exercise for Scleroderma

A
  • aerobic
  • endurance
  • monitor BP
62
Q

Scleroderma Prognosis

A
  • variable
  • can be fatal
  • worse for Sx with heart, lung, kidney damage
63
Q

SLE

A
  • systemic lupus erythematosus
  • chronic inflam connective tissue disorder of unknown origin that involves joints, kidneys, serous surfaces, vessel walls
64
Q

SLE Profile

A
  • young women
  • 15-40 years old
  • children
  • black, asian, native americans
65
Q

Cause/risk factors of SLE

A

-familial link
-genetic susceptibility
-triggered by endog/exogenous factors
(stress, infection, exposure to sunlight, certain drugs)

66
Q

Pathogenesis of SLE

A
  • disease of generalized immunity
  • body produces antibodies against tissues
  • nonspecific inflammation
67
Q

Clinical Manifestations of SLE

A
  • variable
  • Malar (butterfly) rash
  • discoid lesions
  • arthritis, arthralgia
  • headaches
  • irritability
  • depression
  • emotional instability
  • psychosis
  • seizures
  • CVA
  • cranial neuropathy
  • peripheral neuropathy
  • organic brain syndrome
  • tachycardia
  • pneumonitis
  • HTN
  • thrombosis risk
  • myocarditis
  • kidney failure
  • altered leels of RBC, WBC, throbocytes
  • fever
  • weight gain
  • fatigue
68
Q

Discoid Lesions

A
  • SLE
  • raised red, scaling plaques
  • neck, face, chest
69
Q

Management of SLE

A
  • NSAIDs for pain
  • no corticosteroids
  • anticoagulants
  • immunosuppressants
  • immunizations to decr infection risk
  • organ specific meds
70
Q

PT with SLE

A
  • ex’s to prevent Mm weakness/fatigue
  • avoid sunlight
  • stress management
  • avoid alcohol
  • monitor signs of infection/necrosis
  • monitor renal involvement
71
Q

Fibromyalgia

A
  • chronic muscle pain syndrome

- lowered threshold for noxious stimuli

72
Q

FMS

A

-fibromyalgia syndrome

73
Q

Fibromyalgia can be associated with

A
  • hypothyroidism
  • RA
  • SLE
  • chronic fatigue syndrome
74
Q

Fibromyalgia Profile

A
  • women>men
  • age 14-85
  • less in trained athletes
75
Q

Risk Factors for Fibromyalgia

A
  • prolonged anxiety
  • stress
  • trauma
  • rapid steroids withdrawal
  • hypothyroidism
  • extracapsular silicone (breast implants)
  • non-viral infections
76
Q

Cause of Fibromyalgia

A
  • diet
  • infection
  • sleep disorder
  • occupational
  • seasonal/environmental influences
  • adverse childhood experiences
  • sexual abuse
  • psychological distress
77
Q

Fibromyalgia Pathogenesis

A

DISTURBANCES IN:

  • hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
  • ANS
  • reproductive hormone axis
  • immune system
78
Q

Fibromyalgia and Exercise

A

-blood doesn’t flow to exercising muscles

79
Q

Diagnostic Criteria

A
  • widespread pain index & symptom severity scale
  • at least 3 months
  • rule out other causes
  • 18 specific points on body
80
Q

Clinical Manifestations of Fibromyalgia

A
  • multiple tender points & muscle pain
  • disturbed sleep
  • morning fatigue/stiffness
  • swelling/numbness
  • chronic headaches
  • IBS
  • Raynaud’s
  • Dysmenorrhea-painful
  • exercise intol
  • weakness
81
Q

Management of Fibromyalgia

A
  • Thyroid hormone
  • stress management
  • pain management
  • drug therapy (multimodal)
  • modalities for pain
  • cognitive therapy
  • aerobic ex’s
  • aquatic therapy
  • gentle exercise
  • monitor for post-exertional muscle pain
  • monitor overuse syndromes

Medical Conditions II (34 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions