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Medical Conditions II > Hematology > Flashcards

Hematology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

hematopoiesis

A

-formation of blood

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2
Q

erythropoiesis

A

-formation of RBC

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3
Q

most blood matures in the _____

A

-bone marrow

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4
Q

Blood Components

A
  • plasma

- cellular components

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5
Q

Plasma

A
  • 55-60% of blood

- fluid component

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6
Q

Organic and inorganic componenets of arterial plasma include:

A
  • water
  • electrolytes
  • proteins
  • gases
  • nutrients
  • waste products
  • hormones
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7
Q

Blood Proteins

A
  • albumin
  • gamma globulins/antibodies
  • alpha/beta globulins
  • fibrinogen
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8
Q

Albumin

A
  • regulate passage of water and solutes through capillaries

- binding protein for all lipid-soluble blood constituents, hormones and drugs

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9
Q

Concentration of Albumin

A
  • 4 g/dl

- reduced suggests hepatocellular injury

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10
Q

Gamma Globulins

A
  • antibodies
  • synthesized by lymphocytes
  • defend against micro-organisms
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11
Q

Alpha/Beta Globulins

A

-transport Proteins

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12
Q

Fibrinogen

A
  • promotes coagulation

- stops bleeding from blood vessels

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13
Q

Serum

A

-plasma with removed fibrinogen (clotting factor)

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14
Q

Composition of Plasma:

Water

A

92%

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15
Q

Composition of Plasma:

Protein

A

6-8%

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16
Q

Composition of Plasma:

Salts

A

0.8%

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17
Q

Composition of Plasma:

Lipids

A

0.6%

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18
Q

Composition of Plasma:

Glucose

A

0.1%

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19
Q

cellular components of blood

A
  • thrombocytes (platelets)
  • Erythrocytes (RBC)
  • Leukocytes (WBC)–5 types
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20
Q

5 types of leukocytes

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
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21
Q

Granulocytes

A
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • basophils
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22
Q

Agranulocytes

A
  • lymphocytes

- monocytes

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23
Q

RBC Function

A

-transport gas to and from tissue cells and lungs

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24
Q

Normal RBC Count

A

-4.4-5.3 million/mm3 of circulating blood

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25
Q

Hematocrit Levels

A

Male: 37-49%
Female: 36-46%

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26
Q

Hemoglobin Levels

A

Male: 14-18 gm/100ml
Female: 13-16 gm/100ml

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27
Q

WBC

A

-body’s defense mechanism

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28
Q

WBC Count

A
  • 4,500-11,000/mm3 of circulating blood
  • high=infection
  • low=immunocompromised
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29
Q

Platelets

A
  • thrombocytes
  • irreg shaped cytoplasmic fragments that provide hemostasis after vascular injury
  • normal coag and clot formation
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30
Q

Platelet Counts

A

-150,000-400,000 platelets/mm3 of circulating blood

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31
Q

Stem Cell System

A
  • multipotential stem cells form in bone marrow

- some formed in blood, umbilical cord and placenta

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32
Q

Stem cells formed in the ____

A

-bone marrow

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33
Q

Stem cells migrate to ______to mature

A

-bone marrow or blood stream

34
Q

During maturation blood cells differentiate into ______

A
  • granulocytes, thrombocytes, erythrocytes

- and they proliferate

35
Q

2 mechanisms for maturation

A
  • proliferation (multiplication)

- differentiation (specialization)

36
Q

Blood Granulocyte Levels

A

-4000-6000 cells/microliter

37
Q

Prone to infection if blood granulocytes levels are below _____

A

-1000 cells/microliter

38
Q

Erythropoietin

A
  • (glycoprotein)

- hormone from kidney that stimulates uncommited stem cells to differentiate into proerythroblasts (precursor of RBC)

39
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A
  • O2 carrying hemoglobin

- 4 sites full=saturated

40
Q

Reduced hemoglobin

A
  • hemoglobin without oxygen

- (deoxyhemoglobin)

41
Q

as Hb relseases its O2 into tissue it also sheds small amounts of ____

A
  • nitric oxide

- dilates the blood vessels to help O2 get into tissues

42
Q

Each RBC can carry ____ Hb molecules

A

-300 molecules

43
Q

Hb synthesis requires:

A
  • formation of protoporphyrin
  • availability of iron (heme)
  • production of proteinaceous globulin
44
Q

Leukocytes develop from____

A

-stem cells in bone marrow

45
Q

granulocytes mature in ____

A

bone marrow

46
Q

agranulocytes mature in _____

A

blood stream

47
Q

Growth factors control _____

A

-cell growth and differentiation

48
Q

Platelet formation

A
  • involves endomitosis w/o cytoplasm division

- daughter cells break off in fragments

49
Q

endomitosis

A
  • mitosis of nucleus

- (doubling of DNA)

50
Q

Platelets live ____ days

A

10 days

51
Q

Normal Coagulation and Lysis depends on

A

-balance between thrombin and plasmin

52
Q

Clinical exam

A
  • physical appearance (color)
  • level of energy
  • blood tests
  • bone marrow aspiration
  • serologic studies for antibodies
  • tests for vitamins
  • schilling test (measure Vitamin B12)
53
Q

Bone marrow componenets

A
  • blood cells

- adipose tissue

54
Q

blood tests give info about:

A
  • absolute and relative # of blood cells
  • shape of cells
  • functional characteristics of blood cells
55
Q

CBC

A
  • complete blood count

- calc percentage of WBC , RBC, platelets, hematocrit, Hb

56
Q

Low RBC indicate:

A
  • leukemia
  • bone marrow failure
  • hemorrhage
57
Q

High RBC indicate

A
  • polycythemia vera
  • pulmonary fibrosis
  • cor pulmonale
  • renal disease
58
Q

Mean Corpuscle Volume

A
  • size RBC

100: macrocytic

59
Q

Blood Tests Related to RBC

A
  • RBC count
  • mean corpuscle volume
  • mean corpuscular Hb concentration
  • Hb determination
  • hematocrit determination
  • sedimentation rate (ESR)
  • reticulocyte count
  • Hb electrophoresis
  • Sickle Cell test
  • glucose-6phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
60
Q

Hematocrit tells you:

A
  • fraction of blood occupied by RBC

- % RBC per dL

61
Q

Blood Tests Related to Hb metabolism

A
  • Serum ferritin determination
  • total iron-binding capacity
  • transferrin saturation
  • direct antiglobulin test
  • antibody screen
62
Q

Ferritin

A
  • iron in storage
  • stored in liver
  • some in muscles
63
Q

Blood tests related to leukocytes

A
  • neutrophil count
  • lymphocyte count
  • plasma cell count
  • monocyte count
  • eosinophil count
  • basophil count
64
Q

transferrin

A

-iron transport protein

65
Q

Transferrin Saturation

A

-normal level is around 30

66
Q

Blood Tests related to platelets/clotting factors

A
  • platelet count
  • bleeding time
  • clot retraction time
  • platelet adhesion studies
  • platelet aggregation studies
  • whole blood clotting time
  • circulating anticoagulants
  • PTT
  • PT
  • INR
  • fibrinogen assay
  • fibrin-fibrinogen degradation product
67
Q

PTT Normal

A

30-40 sec

68
Q

PT Normal

A

12-15 sec

69
Q

INR Normal

A

0.9-1.1

70
Q

Sodium Levels

A

-136-145

71
Q

Potassium Levels

A

-3.5-5

72
Q

Chloride Levels

A

100-106

73
Q

CO2 Levels

A

26-28

74
Q

Calcium Levels

A

8.5-10.5

75
Q

Normal O2 Sat

A

> 90%

76
Q

Common S/Sx of Circulatory Disorders

A
  • edema/lymphedema
  • congestion
  • infarction
  • thrombus
  • embolus
  • bleeding/bruising
  • shock
  • lymphadenopathy
  • splenomegaly
77
Q

Aging

A
  • marrow size decreases
  • dereased total serum iron
  • decreased total binding capacity
  • decreased intestinal iron absorption
  • increase platelet adhesiveness
  • increased red cell rigidity
  • early activation of coag system
  • decreased hemoglobin and hematocrit
  • decreased # and function of lymphocytes
78
Q

Universal donor

A

-O neg

79
Q

Universal receiver

A
  • AB+
80
Q

Blood Transfusion Reactions

A

-

Medical Conditions II (34 decks)

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