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Medical Conditions II > Endocrine Pathology > Flashcards

Endocrine Pathology Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Pituitary Syndromes

A
  • gigantism
  • dwarfism
  • acromegaly
  • diabedes insipidus
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2
Q

Thyroid Syndromes

A
  • hyperthyroidism
  • hypothyroidism
  • thyroid cancer
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3
Q

Parathyroid Syndromes

A
  • hyperparathyroidism

- hypoparathyroidism

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4
Q

Adrenal Syndromes

A
  • addison’s disease
  • cushing’s syndrome
  • conn’s syndrome
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5
Q

Pancreatic Syndromes

A

-Diabetes Mellitus (Type I & II)

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6
Q

Endocrine Disorder Hierarchy

A
  • Primary (Gland)
  • Secondary (Pituitary)
  • Tertiary (Hypothalamus)
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7
Q

Gigantism

A
  • overgrowth of long bones

- caused by increased GH produced during childhood

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8
Q

Dwarfism

A

-too little growth hormone produced

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9
Q

Acromegaly Defn

A

-too much GH produced during adulthood

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10
Q

Acromegaly Treatment

A
  • radiation/surgical removal of pit gland

- thyroid, cortisone, and hormone replacement post surgery

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11
Q

PT Implications of Acromegaly Post-surgery

A
  • sneeze, cough, blowing nose is contraindicated
  • monitor blood glucose
  • osteophyte formation & widening of joint spaces
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12
Q

Diabetes Insipidus (DI)

A

-rare disorder of neurohypophysis: deficient production/response of ADH

ADH deficiency—>imbalance of H2O

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13
Q

S/Sx Diabetes Insipidus

A
  • polydipsia
  • polyurea/nocturia
  • dehyddration
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14
Q

Neurogenic DI

A
  • defect in synthesis or release of ADH

- usually damage to pit gland

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15
Q

Management of neurogenic DI

A
  • drugs to stimulate ADH

- vasopressin

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16
Q

Nephrogenic DI

A
  • kidneys don’t respond to ADH

- excessive urination & thirst

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17
Q

Management of Nephrogenic DI

A
  • drugs to increase sodium excretion by kidneys (diuretics)

- anti-inflammatory meds

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18
Q

Diabetes Mellitus (versus DI)

A
  • disorder of pancreas
  • insufficient insulin–>abn glucose metab
  • S/Sx: polydipsia, polyuria, increased appetite, fatigue
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19
Q

DI (versus DM)

A
  • disorder of pit gland or kidney
  • ADH deficient
  • S/Sx poly dipsia, polyuria, dehydration
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20
Q

PT Implications of DI

A
  • side effects of ADH administration include contraction of smooth muscle of vasculature
  • side effects of water intoxication
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21
Q

Side Effects of Water Intoxication

3

A
  • pulmonary crackles
  • cerebral edema
  • seizures
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22
Q

Side effects of ADH Administration

3

A
  • incr BP
  • GI Irritability
  • coronary arteries
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23
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

-imbalance of metabolism caused by over production of thyroid hormone

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24
Q

Common type of Hyperthyroidism

A

-Grave’s Disease

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25
Q

Grave’s Disease

A
  • common type of hyperthyroidism
  • caused by immunoregulation defect in genetically predisposed individuals, leading to production of thyroid stimulating antibodis
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26
Q

Causes of Hyperthyroidism

4

A
  • non-cancerous growths of thyroid/pit glands
  • tumors of testes/ovaries
  • ingestion of excessive thyroid hormone
  • ingestion excessive iodine
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27
Q

S/Sx Hyperthyroidism

12

A
  • weight loss
  • incr appetite
  • nervousness
  • restlessness
  • heat intolerance
  • sweating
  • diarrhea
  • tremor
  • palpitations
  • periarthritis
  • weakness
  • goiter
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28
Q

Vitals with Hyperthyroidsim

A
  • incr cardiopulmonary function

- SBP elevated

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29
Q

Hyperthyroidism Lab Tests

A
  • TSH decreased
  • T3 elevated
  • T4 normal
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30
Q

Storm

A
  • thyroid crisis

- acute worsening of hyperthryroidism Sx (from stress/infection)

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31
Q

Sx of Hyperthyroidism Storm

3

A
  • fever
  • decreased mental alertness
  • abdominal pain
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32
Q

Hyperthyroidism Treatment

4

A
  • antithyroid medications
  • radioactive iodine
  • surgery (remove thyroid)
  • beta-blockers (for heart Sx)
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33
Q

PT implications of Hyperthyroidism

6

A
  • monitor vitals
  • heat intol
  • calcific tentonitis
  • precaution with raio iodine therapy
  • exercise intolerance
  • decreased ex’s capacity
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34
Q

most common disorder of thyroid function

A

-hypothyroidism

35
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

-deccrease in thyroid hormone–>decreased metabolism

36
Q

Hypothyroidism S/Sx

14

A
  • fatigue
  • weakness
  • weight gain
  • coarse, dry hair
  • dry, rough pale skin
  • hair loss
  • myxedema
  • constipation
  • depression
  • irritability
  • memory loss
  • abnormal menstrual cycles
  • decreased libido
  • muscle cramps/muscle aches
37
Q

Diagnosis of Hypothyroidism

A

-blood tests of TSH, T4

38
Q

Treatment of Hypothyroidism

1

A

-thyroid hormone pill

39
Q

Goiter

A
  • enlarged thyroid gland

- enlarges to compensate for insufficient hormone production

40
Q

Goiter associated with/causes:

4

A
  • hyperthyroidism
  • lack of iodine in diet
  • inflammation
  • tumors
41
Q

PT Implications of Hypothyroidism

5

A
  • edematous tissues prone to skin tears/breakdown
  • watch for signs of hyperthyroidism
  • gradual increase ex’s tolerance
  • watch for rhabdomyolysis
  • decreased SV & HR–>decr CO
42
Q

Thyroid Cancer Profile

A
  • rare
  • women>men (2:1)
  • 40-60 years old
43
Q

Risk factors of Thyroid Cancer

A

-Hx radiaion to neck

44
Q

Diagnosis of Thyroid Cancer

A

-fine-needle aspiration/biopsy

45
Q

treatment of Thyroid Cancer

2

A
  • surgical resection of thyroid

- radiation

46
Q

PT considerations of Thyroid Cancer

A
  • any palpable mass discovered in exam of neck demands referral
  • dysphagia, dyspnea, hoarseness
47
Q

Hyperparathyroidism

A
  • primary/secondary/tertiary

- increase PTH disruptes calcium/phosphate ion balance in blood

48
Q

S/Sx Hyperparathyroidism

4

A
  • bone damage
  • hypercalcemia
  • kidney damage
  • GI complaints
49
Q

Diagnosis of Hyperparathyroidism

1

A

-PTH levels in hypercalcemic clients

50
Q

Treatment of Hyperparathyroidism

4

A
  • surgical excision of parathyroid glands
  • pharmocologic: decrease serum calcium levels
  • inhibit resorption of bone
  • promote excretion of calcium in urine
51
Q

PT Considerations of Hyperparathyroidism

9

A
  • bone pain
  • pathologic fractures
  • chronic renal failure
  • proximal muscle weakness
  • muscle atrophy
  • myalgias
  • gout/pseudogout
  • joint hypermobility
  • osteogenic synovitis
52
Q

Hypoparathyroidism

A
  • insufficient secretion of PTH

- disrupts calcium/phosphate balance in blood

53
Q

Low PTH cause:

3

A
  • decr bone reabsorption
  • GI tract absorption slows
  • serum calcium levels fall
54
Q

S/Sx Hypoparathyroidism

4

A
  • neuromuscular tetany
  • hypocalcemia
  • +Trousseau’s Sign (arm)
    • Chvostek’s Sign (face)
55
Q

Diagnosis of Hypoparathyroidism

3

A
  • Hx
  • exam
  • lab values
56
Q

Treatment of Hypoparathyroidism

1

A

-increase serum calcium levels (IV)

57
Q

PT Considerations of Hypoparathyroidism

1

A

-muscle twitching first sign of acute tetany

58
Q

Adrenal Insufficiency

A

-Primary Adrenal Insufficiency (Addison’s Disease)

59
Q

Result of Adrenal Insufficiency

A

-decr in glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids and adrenal androgens

60
Q

Adrenal Insufficiency profile

A
  • women>men

- 40-60 years old

61
Q

S/Sx Adrenal Insufficiency

11

A
  • hypoglycemia
  • fatigue
  • hypotension
  • weight loss
  • NV
  • dehydration
  • decr CO
  • decr stress tolerance
  • decr coordination
  • crave salty food
  • incr skin pigmentation
62
Q

diagnosis of Adrenal Insufficiency

2

A
  • blood/urine hormonal assays

- clinical resposne to ACTH

63
Q

Treatment of Adrenal Insufficiency

2

A
  • pharmacologic

- synthetic corticosteroids/mineralocorticoids

64
Q

PT Considerations of Adrenal Insufficiency

A

-be aware of side-effects of long-term steroid treatment (osteoporosis, myopathy, AVN)

65
Q

Adrenocortical Hyperfunction Syndromes

A
  • Cushing’s Syndrome
  • Conn’s Syndrome
  • Adrenal Hyperplasia
66
Q

Cushing’s Syndrome

A

-too much cortisol (glucocorticoid)

67
Q

Conn’s Syndrome

A

-too much mineralocorticoid (aldosterone)

68
Q

Adrenocortical Hyperfunction cause

2

A
  • overstimulation of adrenal gland

- medication-induced hypercortisolism

69
Q

S/Sx Adrenocortical Hyperfunction

5

A
  • protuberant abdomen
  • poor wound healing
  • thin skin
  • general weakness
  • marked osteoporosis
70
Q

Diagnosis of Cushing’s Disease

A
  • presentation

- levels of urine & serum cortisol

71
Q

Treatment of Cushing’s Disease

4

A
  • decrease cortisol levels gradually
  • radiation
  • surgery
  • drug therapy
72
Q

PT considerations for Cushing’s disease

A

-aware of side effects of long term steroid treatment (osteoporosis, AVN, myopathy)

73
Q

S/Sx Cushing Syndrome

4

A
  • lipoma on back of neck/upper TS
  • bruise easily
  • round face
  • abnormal facial hair growth
74
Q

S/Sx Conn’s Syndrome

9

A
  • hypernatremia
  • hypervolemia
  • hypokalemia
  • metablic alkalosis
  • HTN
  • polyuria
  • polydipsia
  • DM
75
Q

Fasting Blood Glucose Levels

A

80-120

60-100 for children

76
Q

Diagnosis of Conn’s Syndrome

A
  • elevation in serum and urine hormone levels

- CT scan of abdomen for tumors

77
Q

Treatment of Conn’s Syndrome

A
  • surgical excision of tumor

- pharmacologic: incr sodium excretion, decr HTN, increase K+

78
Q

PT Considerations Conn’s syndrome

4

A
  • evidence of tetany
  • cardiac arrhythmias
  • parestheisas
  • muscle weakness
79
Q

Hypoglycemia

A
  • Low Blood Sugar

- not enough to fuel body’s blood cells

80
Q

Causes of Hypoglycemia

8

A
  • too much insulin in diabetics
  • other drugs
  • psychological disturbances
  • alcohol intake w/o eating
  • missing a meal
  • strenuous ex’s
  • insulin producing tumor in pancreas
  • hypokalemia
81
Q

Sx of Hypocalcemia

12

A
  • shakiness
  • dizziness
  • sweating
  • hunger
  • HA
  • irritability
  • pale skin color
  • sudden moodiness
  • behavior changes
  • clumsy/jerky movements
  • diff paying attn/confusion
  • tingling around mouth
82
Q

Diagnosis of Hypoglycemia

4

A
  • med Hx
  • med exam
  • blood tests
  • blood sugar/insulin levels
83
Q

Treatment of Hypoglycemia

4

A
  • consume sugar
  • glucagon
  • small frequent meals

Medical Conditions II (34 decks)

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