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Medical Conditions II > Immune System > Flashcards

Immune System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Function of Immune System

A
  • distinguish self from non-self
  • protect from foreign substances
  • nonspecific immunity
  • provide specific or acquired immunity
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2
Q

Lymphoid Organs/Tissues

A
  • adenoids
  • tonsils
  • lymph nodes
  • lymphatic vessels
  • thymus
  • spleen
  • bone marrow
  • ileum (lymph nodes)
  • liver
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3
Q

Bone Marrow

A

-produce B cells

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4
Q

Thymus

A

-produce T cell

and Thymosine

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5
Q

Lymph Nodes

A

-trap and process antigens

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6
Q

Spleen

A
  • filters antigens from blood

- systemic protection

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7
Q

Liver

A
  • reduce amount of toxins that can impair GI lining

- filters all bloood from GI system

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8
Q

Mucosa

A
  • associated with lymphoid tissues
  • provide lymphocytic responses to nearby tissues
  • lines respiratory, digestive, urogenital tracts
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9
Q

Examples of Antigens

A
  • virus
  • food item
  • pollen
  • medication
  • transplanted cells/tissue
  • bacteria
  • fungi
  • protozoans
  • parasites
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10
Q

Major Histocompatability Complex

A
  • cell surface proteins that provide cell-to-cell communication regarding presence of antigens
  • On every cell
  • as unique as a finger print
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11
Q

MHC

A

-major histocompatability complex

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12
Q

Antigen

A

-substances that stimulate an immune response

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13
Q

Antigens also known as:

A

-immunogens

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14
Q

Antibodies

A
  • immunoglobulins
  • proteins that recognize antigens

-antigen-binding sites are complementary to antigens they recognize

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15
Q

Types of Immunoglobulins

A
  • IgA
  • IgG
  • IgM
  • IgD
  • IgE
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16
Q

IgA

A
  • prevent attachment of viruses/bacteria to epithelial tissues
  • mucosal lining
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17
Q

IgG

A
  • gamma globulin
  • most abundnt
  • crosses placenta for fetal immunity
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18
Q

IgM

A
  • first circulating antibody made by newborn

- used to detect newborn infection

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19
Q

IgD

A

-initiates blood immune response

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20
Q

IgE

A

-involved in inflammation and allergic response

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21
Q

Granulocytes

A
  • Basophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Neutrophils
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22
Q

Lymphocyte Types

A
  • B Cells
  • T Cells
  • NK Cells
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23
Q

Monocytes

A

-Macrophates

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24
Q

Innate Immunity Cells

A
  • Basophils
  • Eosinophils
  • Neutrophils
  • NK Cells
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25
Q

Acquired Immunity Cells

A
  • B Cells

- T Cells

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26
Q

Lymphocytes

A

-mononuclear immunocytes that provide humoral and cell-mediated immunity

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27
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • mononuclear immunocytes that provide humoral and cell-mediated immunity
  • 25-33% of total WBC count
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28
Q

Macrophages

A
  • large mononuclear phagocyte providing phagocytosis
  • contain infections
  • help initiate immunological responses

-3-7% of total WBC Count

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29
Q

Monocytes

A

-migrate into tissues where they mature into macrophages

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30
Q

Neutrophil

A
  • segmented polymorphonuclear granulocyte
  • form pus

-57-67% of total WBC Count

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31
Q

Neutrophils can:

A

-squeeze through capillary walls and into infected tissue where they kill invaders then engulf the remnants by phagocytosis

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32
Q

Basophil

A
  • segmented polymorphonuclear granulocyte

- 0-0.075% of total WBC Count

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33
Q

Eosinophil

A
  • segmented polymorphonuclear granulocyte

- 1-4% of total WBC Count

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34
Q

NK Cells

A

-natural killer cells

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35
Q

Natural Killer Cells

A
  • large granular lymphocytes kill some tumors and virus-infected cells w/o prior exposure
  • can be used to treat cancer
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36
Q

Lymphocytes are responsible for:

A

-cell-mediated and humeral-mediated immunity

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37
Q

Lymphocytes recognize and activate:

A

-specific immune responses

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38
Q

Cytokines

A

-regular proteins that modulate the reaction of the host to antigens

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39
Q

Cytokines include:

A
  • interleukins (IL)
  • Interferons
  • Tumor NEcrosis Factors (TNF)
  • Colony-Stimulating Factors (CSF)
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40
Q

Interferons

A
  • produced by virally infected cells early in infection to limit the spread of infection
  • protect neighboring cells (non-infected) cells from invasion
  • inhibit tumor growth
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41
Q

Lines of Defense

A
  • 1st
  • 2nd
  • 3rd
42
Q

First Line of Defense

A

-external barriers prevent the infecting agent from penetrating cells and tissues

43
Q

2nd Line of Defense

A

-inflammatory response and phagocytosis

44
Q

3rd Line of Defense

A
  • acquired immune response
45
Q

Types of Acquired Immunity

A
  • passive

- ative

46
Q

Active and Passive Immunity may be:

A

-natural or artificial

47
Q

Acquired Immunity Components

A
  • Humoral (B cells)

- Cell-mediated (T cells)

48
Q

Acquired Immunity Components

A
  • Humoral (B cells)

- Cell-mediated (T cells)

49
Q

Non-Specific Lines of Defense

A
  • Skin
  • Mucous Membranes
  • Chemical balance
  • Antimicrobial substances
  • Fever
  • Phagocytic Cells
  • Complement system/cytokines
  • Natural killer cells
50
Q

Specific Lines of Defense:

Lymphocytes

A

-T and B cells that recognize specific pathogens are part of the acquired immune response

51
Q

Specific Lines of Defense:

Memory Lymphocytes

A

-have memory of antigen that last a long time

52
Q

Specific Lines of Defense:

Lymphocytes can:

A

-self-destruct or change into a new cell when defense is completed

53
Q

Innate Immunity

A 
-inborne
non-specific aspects of tissue defense
-first line of defense to prevent entrance of pathogens
-Skin/mucosal barriers
-non-specific inflammatory response
54
Q

Innate Immunity response is always

A

-the same intensity regardless of number of times pathogen is encountered

55
Q

What Happens in Innate Immune Response (Mechanisms)

A
  • sloughing of skin
  • phagocytosis of bacteria
  • destruction of pathogens by acid secretions
  • digestive enzymes in GI tract
56
Q

Acquired Immunity

A
  • specific and memory
  • after birth
  • destroy foreign substances
  • prevent proliferation of malignant cells
  • occurs after invasion by foreign agent
  • pathogens in body trigger response
57
Q

Acquired Immunity Over Time

A

-response will increase and speed and intensity each time specific pathogen is encountered

58
Q

Active Acquired Immunity

A
  • contact with antigen or product derived from antigen

- antibodies or T-cell response produced by hose in response to contact

59
Q

Passive Acquired Immunity

A
  • contact with antibodies from actively-immunized person or via innoculation
  • triggers temporary acquired immune response
60
Q

Examples of Active Acquired Immunity

A

-contact with infectious agent or product of infectious agent

61
Q

Examples of Passive Acquired Immunity

A
  • injection of serum from individual previously immunized or recovered from disease
  • injection of serum from animal immunized with tetanus toxoid
  • placental transfer of antibodies from mom to fetus
  • transfer of antibodies in mom’s milk
62
Q

B-Cell

A
  • humoral immunity
  • develops circulating antibodies to attack antigens
  • antibodies bind to foreign body
63
Q

T-Cell

A
  • cell-mediated immunity

- activates formation of lymphocytes designed to destroy the foreign agent

64
Q

B-Cell

A
  • humoral immunity
  • develops antibodies to attack antigens
  • antibodies bind to foreign body
  • recognizes one antigen
  • produce memory cells for future responses
65
Q

T-Cell

A
  • cell-mediated immunity
  • recognizes one antigen
  • activates formation of lymphocytes designed to destroy the foreign agent
  • attacks antigen directly
66
Q

T Cells Produce:

A
  • memory cells
  • T-cytotoxic (killer) cells
  • T-Helper Cells
  • T-Suppressor cells
  • Lymphokine-Producing Cells
67
Q

Primary Immune response

A

-production of specific antibodies (immunoglobulins)

68
Q

Secondary Immune response

A

-increase activation with increased exposure of memory cells to the antigen

69
Q

Secondary Immune response

A

-increase activation with increased exposure of memory cells to the antigen

70
Q

Stem cells

A
  • differentiate in bone marrow

- involved in humoral/antibody-mediated immunity

71
Q

Activated B cells:

A

-incapacitate the antigen

72
Q

B cells mature into:

A

-plasma B cells, which produce antibodies

73
Q

Processed T cells leave the:

A

-thymus and spread to lymphoid tissues throughout the body shortly after birth

74
Q

T Cells recognize:

A

-pathogens, search them out and destroy them

75
Q

T Cells recognize:

A

-pathogens, search them out and destroy them

76
Q

T Lymphocytes are capable of:

A

-turning on/off entire immune system

77
Q

T8 cells

A

-cytotoxic cells are primary active responders

78
Q

Cell-Mediated response is important in

A
  • recognizing body’s own tissue

- loss can lead to autoimmune disorder

79
Q

Cell-Mediated response is important in

A
  • recognizing body’s own tissue

- loss can lead to autoimmune disorder

80
Q

Link Between Immune System and CNS

A
  • ANS

- Neuroendocrine outflow (pit gland)

81
Q

Activated immunocompetent cells can:

A

-cross blood-brain barrier

82
Q

Regulation of Immune Response

A
  • initiation by antigens
  • intercellular recognition & binding
  • intercellular signaling
83
Q

Hormonal Regulation of Immune Response

A
  • thymus gland

- ant pit

84
Q

Neural Influences on Regulation of Immune Response

A

-sympathetic NS

innervates thymus, bone marrow, spleen, lymph nodes

85
Q

Apoptosis

A
  • auto-destruction of cells

- if unable to defend against mutation cell self-destructs

86
Q

Apoptosis response decreases:

A

-decreases with age

87
Q

Apoptosis is enhanced by:

A

-exercise

88
Q

Factors Influencing Immunity

A
  • trauma
  • disease
  • pollutants
  • radiation
  • UV light
  • drugs
  • age
  • gender
  • nutrition
  • genetics
  • reproductive status
  • STRESS
89
Q

GI Acidity with age:

A

-decreased acidity

90
Q

Bladder with age:

A

less elastic

91
Q

Thymus with age

A

-turns to fat

92
Q

AGE:

innate response

A

-not always automatic in elderly

93
Q

AGE:

-lymphocytes

A

-react to infection differently

94
Q

In elderly (>70) more likely to produce

A

auto-antibodies that attack self

95
Q

Moderate Exercise:

On Immune Cells

A

-increased #

most increase during and after

96
Q

Strenuous Exercise:

On Immune Cells

A

-depressed

97
Q

Strenuous Exercise:

On Immune Cells

A

-depressed

98
Q

Immunodeficiency Syndromes

A
  • primary
  • secondary
  • iatrogenic
99
Q

Primary Immunodeficiency

A
  • defect of T cells, B cells or lymphoid tissue

- congenital condition

100
Q

Secondary Immunodeficiency

A
  • underlying disease/factor impairing response

- follows disease/event

101
Q

Iatrogenic Immunodeficiency

A
  • induced by drug or physical agents

ex. chemo, corticosteroids, radiation

102
Q

Iatrogenic Immunodeficiency

A
  • induced by drug or physical agents

ex. chemo, corticosteroids, radiation, splenectomy

Medical Conditions II (34 decks)

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