Endocrine System Anatomy Flashcards
Endocrine System is made of:
-glands that release hormones directly into bloodstream for chemical signaling of target cells
Glands Include
- hypothalamus
- pituitary gland
- pineal gland
- thyroid gland
- parathyroid gland
- thymus
- adrenal glands
- pancreas
- ovaries
- testes
Endocrine system helps regulate:
-various body functions by synthesizing and releasing hormones
Hormones
- chemical substances created by body that control body functions
- act as messengers
Most Hormones are:
- proteins (amino acids)
- steroids
Functions Controlled by Hormones:
- activities of entire organs
- growth and development
- sexual characteristics
- responses to stress/injury
- absorption of nutrients
- energy metabolism
- water/electrolyte balance
- reproduction, birth and lactation
Paracrine
-affect cells that produces it and the cells immediately around it
Endocrine Glands:
- no duct system
- released into blood
Exocrine Glands
- contain ducts
- release out onto surface
Hypothalamus secretes hormones that:
-make other endocrine glands secrete their hormones
Hypothalamus Location
-base of optic chain
Hypothalamus on Pituitary
- secretes hormones that stimulate/suppress hormone release from pituitary gland
- sends neural impulses to pituitary gland
Hypothalamus Aids in:
- controlling water balance
- sleep
- temperature
- appetite
- blood pressure
Pituitary Gland Locatoin
-base of brain
Pituitary gland controls:
-many functions of other endocrine glands
Pituitary Gland Parts
- Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe)
- neurohypophysis (posterior lobe)
Adenohypophysis
-produces and secretes 6 hormones in response to commands from hypothalamus
Neurohypophysis
-releases ADH and oxytocin
Types of Pituitary Gland Hormones (ant)
- Trophic (stimulate other endocrine)
- Effector (Hormones acting on certain body tissues)
Trophic Hormones (ant pit gland to other glands)
- (FLAT)
- FSH
- LH
- ACTH
- TSH
Hormones that go to specific tissues (ant pit)
- (PEG)
- prolactin
- endorphines
- growth hormones
TSH
- thyroid stimulating hormone
- stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thryroid hormones
ACTH
- adrenocorticotropic hormone
- produces steroids
FSH
- follicle stimulating hormone
- regulates various sexual characteristics
LH
- Luteinizing hormone
- regulate various sexual characteristics
PRL
- Prolactin
- stimulates breast milk production
GH
- Growth Hormone
- stimulates protein synthesis & cell division in cartilage/bone
(somatotropin, human growth hormone)
Hormones of Neurohypophysis
- Antidiuretic Hormones
- oxytocin
ADH
- antidiuretic hormones
- controls concentration of body fluids
Oxytocin
- stimulates contraction of uterus
- milk letdown reflex in lactating females
Pineal body location
-below corpus callosum
Pineal Body produces
- melatonin
- to regulate sleep cycles
Melatonin
-to regulate sleep cycles
Location of thyroid/parathyroid gland
-front of neck, below larynx
Thyroid gland plays important role in:
-metabolism
Thyroid and parathyroid glands play role in:
-regulating calcium balance
Thyroid Gland Hormones
- thryroxine (T4)
- Triiodothyronine (T3)
- Calcitonin
Thyroid follicles
-produce thyroid hormone (T3 & T4)
Thyroid Hormone Impacts:
- body growth
- metabolic rates
- development of bones/skeletal muscle
- sensitivity of cardiovascular system to sympathetic activity (mntn normal HR)
Parafollicular cells
- between thyroid gland follicles
- produce calcitonin
Calcitonin
-lowers blood calcium
Parathyroid Gland Hormones
-PTH (parathyroid hormones)
Parathyroid Hormone
- increases blood calcium
- stimulates bone calcium release into blood
Thymus location
- in the upper part of chest & produces T-lymphocytes (WBC)
- thymosine (hormone)
Adrenal Gland location
-on top of kidneys
Adrenal Gland Parts
- adrenal cortex (outer)
- adrenal medulla (inner)
Adrenal Cortex Releases
- Corticosteroids
- gluticocorticoids [cortisol]
- mineralocorticoids [aldosterone]
- gonadocorticoids [estrogen, testosterone, progesterone]
at 80-90% of VO2 max, you start releasing:
-cortisol
Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
- raise blood sugar levels by increasing gluconeogenesis
- ensures glucose supply for when body is in stress
Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
-promote sodium reabsorption & potassium excretion by stimulating the kidneys
Gonadocorticoids
-estrogen, testosterone, progesterone
Adrenal Medulla
- develops from nervous tissue
- controlled by autonomic NS (sympathetic NS)
Adrenal Medulla Secretes;
- epinephrine (adrenaline
- norepinephrine (noradrenalin)
Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
-chemicals from adrenal medulla that raise levels of blood sugar and fatty acids
Pancreas plays a role in ___ & ____
- digestion
- hormone production
Exocrine function of pancreas
-digestion
Endocrine function of pancreas
- insulin production
- glucose metabolism
Adipose Tissue secretes:
-hormones responsible for metabolism, hunger, vasoconstriction & cellular growth/development
Adipose Tissue Hormones
- adiponectin
- leptin
