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Medical Conditions II > Endocrine System Anatomy > Flashcards

Endocrine System Anatomy Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Endocrine System is made of:

A

-glands that release hormones directly into bloodstream for chemical signaling of target cells

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2
Q

Glands Include

A
  • hypothalamus
  • pituitary gland
  • pineal gland
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid gland
  • thymus
  • adrenal glands
  • pancreas
  • ovaries
  • testes
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3
Q

Endocrine system helps regulate:

A

-various body functions by synthesizing and releasing hormones

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4
Q

Hormones

A
  • chemical substances created by body that control body functions
  • act as messengers
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5
Q

Most Hormones are:

A
  • proteins (amino acids)

- steroids

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6
Q

Functions Controlled by Hormones:

A
  • activities of entire organs
  • growth and development
  • sexual characteristics
  • responses to stress/injury
  • absorption of nutrients
  • energy metabolism
  • water/electrolyte balance
  • reproduction, birth and lactation
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7
Q

Paracrine

A

-affect cells that produces it and the cells immediately around it

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8
Q

Endocrine Glands:

A
  • no duct system

- released into blood

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9
Q

Exocrine Glands

A
  • contain ducts

- release out onto surface

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10
Q

Hypothalamus secretes hormones that:

A

-make other endocrine glands secrete their hormones

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11
Q

Hypothalamus Location

A

-base of optic chain

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12
Q

Hypothalamus on Pituitary

A
  • secretes hormones that stimulate/suppress hormone release from pituitary gland
  • sends neural impulses to pituitary gland
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13
Q

Hypothalamus Aids in:

A
  • controlling water balance
  • sleep
  • temperature
  • appetite
  • blood pressure
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14
Q

Pituitary Gland Locatoin

A

-base of brain

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15
Q

Pituitary gland controls:

A

-many functions of other endocrine glands

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16
Q

Pituitary Gland Parts

A
  • Adenohypophysis (anterior lobe)

- neurohypophysis (posterior lobe)

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17
Q

Adenohypophysis

A

-produces and secretes 6 hormones in response to commands from hypothalamus

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18
Q

Neurohypophysis

A

-releases ADH and oxytocin

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19
Q

Types of Pituitary Gland Hormones (ant)

A
  • Trophic (stimulate other endocrine)

- Effector (Hormones acting on certain body tissues)

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20
Q

Trophic Hormones (ant pit gland to other glands)

A
  • (FLAT)
  • FSH
  • LH
  • ACTH
  • TSH
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21
Q

Hormones that go to specific tissues (ant pit)

A
  • (PEG)
  • prolactin
  • endorphines
  • growth hormones
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22
Q

TSH

A
  • thyroid stimulating hormone

- stimulates the thyroid gland to produce thryroid hormones

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23
Q

ACTH

A
  • adrenocorticotropic hormone

- produces steroids

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24
Q

FSH

A
  • follicle stimulating hormone

- regulates various sexual characteristics

25
Q

LH

A
  • Luteinizing hormone

- regulate various sexual characteristics

26
Q

PRL

A
  • Prolactin

- stimulates breast milk production

27
Q

GH

A
  • Growth Hormone
  • stimulates protein synthesis & cell division in cartilage/bone

(somatotropin, human growth hormone)

28
Q

Hormones of Neurohypophysis

A
  • Antidiuretic Hormones

- oxytocin

29
Q

ADH

A
  • antidiuretic hormones

- controls concentration of body fluids

30
Q

Oxytocin

A
  • stimulates contraction of uterus

- milk letdown reflex in lactating females

31
Q

Pineal body location

A

-below corpus callosum

32
Q

Pineal Body produces

A
  • melatonin

- to regulate sleep cycles

33
Q

Melatonin

A

-to regulate sleep cycles

34
Q

Location of thyroid/parathyroid gland

A

-front of neck, below larynx

35
Q

Thyroid gland plays important role in:

A

-metabolism

36
Q

Thyroid and parathyroid glands play role in:

A

-regulating calcium balance

37
Q

Thyroid Gland Hormones

A
  • thryroxine (T4)
  • Triiodothyronine (T3)
  • Calcitonin
38
Q

Thyroid follicles

A

-produce thyroid hormone (T3 & T4)

39
Q

Thyroid Hormone Impacts:

A
  • body growth
  • metabolic rates
  • development of bones/skeletal muscle
  • sensitivity of cardiovascular system to sympathetic activity (mntn normal HR)
40
Q

Parafollicular cells

A
  • between thyroid gland follicles

- produce calcitonin

41
Q

Calcitonin

A

-lowers blood calcium

42
Q

Parathyroid Gland Hormones

A

-PTH (parathyroid hormones)

43
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A
  • increases blood calcium

- stimulates bone calcium release into blood

44
Q

Thymus location

A
  • in the upper part of chest & produces T-lymphocytes (WBC)

- thymosine (hormone)

45
Q

Adrenal Gland location

A

-on top of kidneys

46
Q

Adrenal Gland Parts

A
  • adrenal cortex (outer)

- adrenal medulla (inner)

47
Q

Adrenal Cortex Releases

A
  • Corticosteroids
  • gluticocorticoids [cortisol]
  • mineralocorticoids [aldosterone]
  • gonadocorticoids [estrogen, testosterone, progesterone]
48
Q

at 80-90% of VO2 max, you start releasing:

A

-cortisol

49
Q

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)

A
  • raise blood sugar levels by increasing gluconeogenesis

- ensures glucose supply for when body is in stress

50
Q

Mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)

A

-promote sodium reabsorption & potassium excretion by stimulating the kidneys

51
Q

Gonadocorticoids

A

-estrogen, testosterone, progesterone

52
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A
  • develops from nervous tissue

- controlled by autonomic NS (sympathetic NS)

53
Q

Adrenal Medulla Secretes;

A
  • epinephrine (adrenaline

- norepinephrine (noradrenalin)

54
Q

Epinephrine/Norepinephrine

A

-chemicals from adrenal medulla that raise levels of blood sugar and fatty acids

55
Q

Pancreas plays a role in ___ & ____

A
  • digestion

- hormone production

56
Q

Exocrine function of pancreas

A

-digestion

57
Q

Endocrine function of pancreas

A
  • insulin production

- glucose metabolism

58
Q

Adipose Tissue secretes:

A

-hormones responsible for metabolism, hunger, vasoconstriction & cellular growth/development

59
Q

Adipose Tissue Hormones

A
  • adiponectin

- leptin

Medical Conditions II (34 decks)

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