types & methods of practice

Question 1

what are the characteristics of whole practice

Answer 1

no breaking the skill into parts/ subroutines

Question 2

when is whole practice used

Answer 2

when the skill/ task is: fast, closed, discrete, self-paced, simple/ low complexity e.g. running

or when perfomer is: an expert, motivated

Question 3

what are the advantages of whole practice

Answer 3

• experience true kinaesthetic feel
• increase fluency & timing of skill
• skill can be learned quickly
• helps establish a clear mental picture of the full skill

Question 4

what are the disadvantages of whole practice

Answer 4

• hard for beginner to grasp whole skill at once
• too advanced & complicated for some young performers
• hard to isolate problem areas
• some skill are too dangerous to learn as a whole

Question 5

what are the characteristics of whole-part-whole practice

Answer 5

the complete skill is practice before being broken down into subroutines to practice individual elements and then the complete skill again

Question 6

when is whole-part-whole practice used

Answer 6

the skill or task is complex, fast or difficult to isolae parts of the skill

Question 7

what are the advantages of whole-part-whole practice

Answer 7

• allows you to focus on specific area of weakness
• performer appreciates the flow of the skill
• can correct parts when practiced individually

Question 8

what are the disadvantages of whole-part-whole practice

Answer 8

• some skills are too difficult to break down
• time consuming

Question 9

what are the characteristics of part practice

Answer 9

practice by splitting skill into subroutines

Question 10

when is part practice used

Answer 10

when skill or task is complex or serial

Question 11

what are the advantages of part practice

Answer 11

• good for low organisation skills
• reduces cognitive load
• builds confidence and motivates
• better for beginner

Question 12

what are the disadvantages of part practice

Answer 12

• may struggle with timing and kinaesthetic feel of whole skill
• still may be jerky when put back together
• time consuming

Question 13

what are the characteristics of progressive part practice

Answer 13

parts of skill are practiced individually in the correct order before being linked together

Question 14

when is progressive practice used

Answer 14

when skill is: complex, serial, low organisation, dangerous

or when performer is: a beginner, less mtivated, has a short attention span

Question 15

what are the advantages of progressive part practice

Answer 15

• keeps links between parts
• stages of success motivates
• reduces danger/ fatigue/ demands
• focus on weaknesses

Question 16

what are the disadvantages of progressive part practice

Answer 16

• time consuming
• if first part is incorrect then all is lost
• negative transfer
• doesn’t develop fluency or kinaesthesia

Question 17

describe massed practice

Answer 17

when performer practices with no rest breaks

Question 18

when is massed practice used

Answer 18

when skill or task is: discrete, simple, self-paced, closed, high in organisation

or when perfomer is: experienced, has high levels of fitness and has high motivation levels

Question 19

what are the advantages of massed practice

Answer 19

• forms motor programmes
• increased fitness
• good for habitual response
• efficient

Question 20

what are the disadvantages of massed practice

Answer 20

• no time for feedback
• fatigue
• too demanding

Question 21

describe fixed practice

Answer 21

when performer reheases a skill using the same drill in the same environment without change

Question 22

when is fixed practice used

Answer 22

• closed skills
• when introducing open skills

Question 23

what are the advantages of fixed practice

Answer 23

• skill become habitual and forms motor programmes
• strengthens S-R bonds

Question 24

what are the disadvantages of fixed practice

Answer 24

• can cause boredom
• doesn’t prepare for game situation

Question 25

describe varied practice

Answer 25

when the performer varies or chnages the practice of the skill to ensure the performer is able to use the skill in a variety of situations

Question 26

when is varied practice used

Answer 26

• complex
• open skill
• externally paced

Question 27

what are the advantages of varied practice

Answer 27

• variety of scenarios enables performer to be able to adapt when new ones arise
• necessary for open skills
• prevents boredom
• aids motivation

Question 28

what are the disadvantages of varied practice

Answer 28

• not helpful for closed skills as the environment is more stable
• may overwhelm beginners
• basic techniques and skills need to be learned before varied practice is used

Question 29

describe distributed practice

Answer 29

when the performer practices with rest breaks

Question 30

when is distributed practice used

Answer 30

when skill or task is: continuous, serial, externally paced, open, complex/ dangerous for beginners
when performer is: a beginner, associative to develop understanding, less fit

Question 31

what are the advantages of distributed practice

Answer 31

• allows recovery
• less mental pressure
• allow mental rehearsal/ feedback
• reduces danger

Question 32

what re the disadvantages of distributed practice

Answer 32

• time consuming
• negative transfer