types & methods of practice Flashcards
what are the characteristics of whole practice
no breaking the skill into parts/ subroutines
when is whole practice used
when the skill/ task is: fast, closed, discrete, self-paced, simple/ low complexity e.g. running
or when perfomer is: an expert, motivated
what are the advantages of whole practice
- experience true kinaesthetic feel
- increase fluency & timing of skill
- skill can be learned quickly
- helps establish a clear mental picture of the full skill
what are the disadvantages of whole practice
- hard for beginner to grasp whole skill at once
- too advanced & complicated for some young performers
- hard to isolate problem areas
- some skill are too dangerous to learn as a whole
what are the characteristics of whole-part-whole practice
the complete skill is practice before being broken down into subroutines to practice individual elements and then the complete skill again
when is whole-part-whole practice used
the skill or task is complex, fast or difficult to isolae parts of the skill
what are the advantages of whole-part-whole practice
- allows you to focus on specific area of weakness
- performer appreciates the flow of the skill
- can correct parts when practiced individually
what are the disadvantages of whole-part-whole practice
- some skills are too difficult to break down
- time consuming
what are the characteristics of part practice
practice by splitting skill into subroutines
when is part practice used
when skill or task is complex or serial
what are the advantages of part practice
- good for low organisation skills
- reduces cognitive load
- builds confidence and motivates
- better for beginner
what are the disadvantages of part practice
- may struggle with timing and kinaesthetic feel of whole skill
- still may be jerky when put back together
- time consuming
what are the characteristics of progressive part practice
parts of skill are practiced individually in the correct order before being linked together
when is progressive practice used
when skill is: complex, serial, low organisation, dangerous
or when performer is: a beginner, less mtivated, has a short attention span
what are the advantages of progressive part practice
- keeps links between parts
- stages of success motivates
- reduces danger/ fatigue/ demands
- focus on weaknesses
what are the disadvantages of progressive part practice
- time consuming
- if first part is incorrect then all is lost
- negative transfer
- doesn’t develop fluency or kinaesthesia
describe massed practice
when performer practices with no rest breaks
when is massed practice used
when skill or task is: discrete, simple, self-paced, closed, high in organisation
or when perfomer is: experienced, has high levels of fitness and has high motivation levels
what are the advantages of massed practice
- forms motor programmes
- increased fitness
- good for habitual response
- efficient
what are the disadvantages of massed practice
- no time for feedback
- fatigue
- too demanding
describe fixed practice
when performer reheases a skill using the same drill in the same environment without change
when is fixed practice used
- closed skills
- when introducing open skills
what are the advantages of fixed practice
- skill become habitual and forms motor programmes
- strengthens S-R bonds
what are the disadvantages of fixed practice
- can cause boredom
- doesn’t prepare for game situation
describe varied practice
when the performer varies or chnages the practice of the skill to ensure the performer is able to use the skill in a variety of situations
when is varied practice used
- complex
- open skill
- externally paced
what are the advantages of varied practice
- variety of scenarios enables performer to be able to adapt when new ones arise
- necessary for open skills
- prevents boredom
- aids motivation
what are the disadvantages of varied practice
- not helpful for closed skills as the environment is more stable
- may overwhelm beginners
- basic techniques and skills need to be learned before varied practice is used
describe distributed practice
when the performer practices with rest breaks
when is distributed practice used
when skill or task is: continuous, serial, externally paced, open, complex/ dangerous for beginners
when performer is: a beginner, associative to develop understanding, less fit
what are the advantages of distributed practice
- allows recovery
- less mental pressure
- allow mental rehearsal/ feedback
- reduces danger
what re the disadvantages of distributed practice
- time consuming
- negative transfer
