Tumour physiology

Question 1

in breast cancer what Is in the middle?

Answer 1

tumour cells

Question 2

in breast cancer, what is surrounding the tumour cells

Answer 2

collagen filaments

Question 3

function of collagen

Answer 3

tighter so they move through the tissue and can move into blood circulation and disguise into the blood cells and hitch a ride on the back of the cells blood vessels

Question 4

after the collagen has hitch a ride on back of the cells blood vessels, what happens?

Answer 4

hide behind the blood cells or capillaries so they move into vasculature and go to another part of the body and proliferate and make another tumour the process is mediated by VEGF

Question 5

what are fibroblasts?

Answer 5

cancer cells recruit these fibroblasts and activate them – known as cancer associate fibroblast

Question 6

2 functions of fibroblast

Answer 6

1.secrete different factors that helps growth of tumour. 2.Help dissolve the matrix to invade surrounding tissue

Question 7

Vascular cells(endothelial cells and parasites

Answer 7

help a lot in formation of new blood cells and vasculature for tumour

Question 8

2 Immune cells

Answer 8

macrophages and lymphocytes

Question 9

Angiogenesis

Answer 9

formation of new blood cells from pre-existing vessels

Question 10

what does the process of angiogenesis help with?

Answer 10

growth and development

Question 11

what happens during angiogenesis?

Answer 11

a positive feedback loop when there is a cut there will be an immune reaction and when they try to repair it there will be angiogenesis which heals the cut. When the cut is healed formation of new blood cells supress.

Question 12

in cancer what happens during angiogenesis?

Answer 12

wound that doesn’t heal- continues to provide vasculature and new angiogenesis

Question 13

what do the blood vessels give out?

Answer 13

oxygen and nutrition

Question 14

if the blood vessels give out oxygen and nutrition in the hypoxic environment what would this lead to?

Answer 14

endothelial factors will be produced – growth factor stimulate growth of new blood vessels towards tumour which provides it nutrition for growth and proliferation

Question 15

in cancer what is there more of and what job won’t be done

Answer 15

the activators are more and inhibitors will not inhibit

Question 16

what is a example of activatior

Answer 16

VEGF-vascular endothelial growth factor – stimulates development of vasculature or blood vessels from existing blood cells

Question 17

Antiangiogenic drugs

Answer 17

inhibit certain formation of blood vessels so cancer doesn’t grow and doesn’t metastasise

Question 18

2 ways drugs can work

Answer 18

1.block the receptor and cannot cause formation of new blood vessels or can bind certain aspects inside the cells
2.tumour doesn’t get the nutrients and oxygen the tumour can be destructed

Question 19

The Warburg Effect

Answer 19

aerobic glycolysis: tumour cells can switch their metabolism

Question 20

what happens during the Warburg effect?

Answer 20

glycolysis goes into oxidative phosphorylation into mitochondria and glucose produced 36 mol of ATP- which is the energy needed for normal cellular function

Question 21

what happens if there isn’t enough oxygen

Answer 21

the body chooses anaerobic glycolysis , glucose is converted to pyruvate which is converted to lactate

Question 22

when cells proliferate more they switch to metabolism what do they use?

Answer 22

the body chooses anaerobic glycolysis , glucose is converted to pyruvate which is converted to lactate

Question 23

in aerobic glycolysis what how many moles do tumour cells make?

Answer 23

4

Question 23

why do tumour cells make 4 moles?

Answer 23

don’t want to rely too much on availability of oxygen and use all glucose they can-could lead to weight loss in cancer patients.

Question 24

if the tumour cells use a lot of glucose which releases lactic acid to the environment, what does this do to the environment?

Answer 24

tumour cells use the acidic environment and tumour cells have more chance of survival and normal cells can’t do that

Question 25

what are the 3 steps of metastasis ?

Answer 25

1. tumour cells must infiltrate surrounding-
   2.break the membrane and dissolve it and move towards blood circulation and enter the blood circulation
   3.attach to endothelium and hitch a ride on lymphocytes – have a ride through blood circulation, they lodge on the side of capillary and move out, go into blood vessel -vasculature called introversion

Question 26

what happens during cancer niches?

Answer 26

as tumour becomes more invasive, surrounding the environment changes – this is called core tumour -when it becomes more invasive environment changes as well

Question 27

in immunohistochemistry, what is the marker for staining epithelial cells?

Answer 27

EpCAM in the healthy cells there is a round structure- normal morphology of epithelial cells

Question 28

what happens to the structure and stain of cell morphology when tumour is present?

Answer 28

structure of cell morphology changes the browner the more staining there is.

Question 29

what can staining epithelial cells do?

Answer 29

show increased staining of fibroblasts – there is a crosstalk between the cells which lead to the tumour to grow and develop, invade and spread through the body

Question 30

Immunosuppressive system

Answer 30

Tumour cells are producing factors which fight back immune cells – but they cannot recognise the tumour or attack

Question 31

Current/precision medicine

Answer 31

people will get medication based on their tumour environment

Question 32

3 way different cells can be targeted by different medicines

Answer 32

1.patient giving a sample
2.then it getting stained
3. this allows to see which cells there are and which genes are activated, and which mutations are there

Question 33

3 strategies used to target tumour by trying to recognise the different cells in the tumour

Answer 33

-avoiding new vascularisation
-activating anti-tumour response
-develop different drugs