Age associated physiological and pathological changes Flashcards
Cortical bone
compact bone
Trabecular bone
spongy structure below the compact bone -has mesh works structure of bony bars with many interconnecting spaces containing bone marrow.
4 ways how does the density of the cortical and trabecular bone reduce?
1.bone wastage -cause of inactive lifestyle
2.hormonal change with age
3.loss of calcium and minerals with age
4.men-gradual changes in hormones
Osteogenic cell
stem cell:can differentiate , proliferate and develop in osetoblasts,osteocytes and osteoclasts
what is the correct order of differentiation from these 3 things- osteocytes, osteoclasts, osteoblasts?
1.osetoblasts
2.osteocytes
3.osteoclasts
Osteoblast
matrix synthesising cell for bone growth
Osteocyte
mature bone cell which maintains the bone matrix
Osteoclast
bone resorbing cell -responsible for absorbing and breaking bone cells
bone remodelling
process of removing and repairing by generating new cells
osteoporosis
condition where bones are weakened, fragile and more likely to break
what are the 3 risk factors which can contribute to osteoporosis?
1.age
2.menopause
3 environmental
articular cartilage
covers surface of bone which form joints and protects bones from rubbing against each other
how is age and the articular cartilage related?
as people age the articular cartilage reduces in thickness causing the rubbing of the 2 bones together
Cartilage
made of chondrocytes+ extracellular matrix
Osteoarthritis
degenerative arthritis joint disease or wear and tear arthritis
how does osteoarthritis arthritis effect the cartilage?
there will be breakdown of the cartilage
4 effects/symptoms/signs of osteoarthritis
-inflammation
-swelling
-pain
-immovable and fingers become distorted.
what are the risk factors osteoarthritis?
1.age
2.obesity hormonal balance 3.biomechanical event
4.genetic faxtors
Rheumatoid arthritis
chronic systemic autoimmune disease where there is abnormal antibody response to a range of proteins, including fibrin, fibronectin
how is muscle mass and age related?
Muscle mass and strength declines with age
what happens to the distribution of muscle fibre type as people age
muscle fibre type changes with age
what are the 2 types of muscle fibres types?
type 1 fibre:small slow contracting muscles.Highly resistant to fatigue with many mitochondira and aerobic enzymes for energy production
-type 2 fibre:larger, faster contracting producing large tension output but fatigue quickly
Sarcopenia
degenerative loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength associated with age
Eccentric hypotrophy
volume overload size of left ventricle and chamber increase
what happens to cardio myocytes in eccentric hypotrophy as an individual ages?
With ageing there is loss of cardio myocytes
Physiological hypertrophy
during exercise or pregnancy
how is the cardiovascular system effected with ageing?
reduced sensitivity to sympathetic stimuli which compromises myocardial contractility and pumping ability
3 things that show the structure of central nervous system
1.decline in brain mass and weight
2.fewer synaptic contracts and nerve cell
3.reduce cerebral blood flow(CBF blood supply to brain in period of time)
what are the functions of intellect, verbal skills and mental activity of the central nervous system?
Intellect:slower in central processing-takes longer to perform tasks
Verbal skills:gradual decrease in vocab, semantic errors and abnormal prosody
Mental activity:difficulty learning, languages and forgetfulness in non critical areas-doesn’t impair recall of important memories or effect function
