Age associated physiological and pathological changes

Question 1

Cortical bone

Answer 1

compact bone

Question 2

Trabecular bone

Answer 2

spongy structure below the compact bone -has mesh works structure of bony bars with many interconnecting spaces containing bone marrow.

Question 3

4 ways how does the density of the cortical and trabecular bone reduce?

Answer 3

1.bone wastage -cause of inactive lifestyle
2.hormonal change with age
3.loss of calcium and minerals with age
4.men-gradual changes in hormones

Question 4

Osteogenic cell

Answer 4

stem cell:can differentiate , proliferate and develop in osetoblasts,osteocytes and osteoclasts

Question 5

what is the correct order of differentiation from these 3 things- osteocytes, osteoclasts, osteoblasts?

Answer 5

1.osetoblasts
2.osteocytes
3.osteoclasts

Question 5

Osteoblast

Answer 5

matrix synthesising cell for bone growth

Question 6

Osteocyte

Answer 6

mature bone cell which maintains the bone matrix

Question 7

Osteoclast

Answer 7

bone resorbing cell -responsible for absorbing and breaking bone cells

Question 8

bone remodelling

Answer 8

process of removing and repairing by generating new cells

Question 9

osteoporosis

Answer 9

condition where bones are weakened, fragile and more likely to break

Question 10

what are the 3 risk factors which can contribute to osteoporosis?

Answer 10

1.age
2.menopause
3 environmental

Question 11

articular cartilage

Answer 11

covers surface of bone which form joints and protects bones from rubbing against each other

Question 12

how is age and the articular cartilage related?

Answer 12

as people age the articular cartilage reduces in thickness causing the rubbing of the 2 bones together

Question 13

Cartilage

Answer 13

made of chondrocytes+ extracellular matrix

Question 14

Osteoarthritis

Answer 14

degenerative arthritis joint disease or wear and tear arthritis

Question 15

how does osteoarthritis arthritis effect the cartilage?

Answer 15

there will be breakdown of the cartilage

Question 16

4 effects/symptoms/signs of osteoarthritis

Answer 16

-inflammation
-swelling
-pain
-immovable and fingers become distorted.

Question 17

what are the risk factors osteoarthritis?

Answer 17

1.age
2.obesity hormonal balance 3.biomechanical event
4.genetic faxtors

Question 18

Rheumatoid arthritis

Answer 18

chronic systemic autoimmune disease where there is abnormal antibody response to a range of proteins, including fibrin, fibronectin

Question 19

how is muscle mass and age related?

Answer 19

Muscle mass and strength declines with age

Question 20

what happens to the distribution of muscle fibre type as people age

Answer 20

muscle fibre type changes with age

Question 21

what are the 2 types of muscle fibres types?

Answer 21

type 1 fibre:small slow contracting muscles.Highly resistant to fatigue with many mitochondira and aerobic enzymes for energy production
-type 2 fibre:larger, faster contracting producing large tension output but fatigue quickly

Question 22

Sarcopenia

Answer 22

degenerative loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength associated with age

Question 23

Eccentric hypotrophy

Answer 23

volume overload size of left ventricle and chamber increase

Question 24

what happens to cardio myocytes in eccentric hypotrophy as an individual ages?

Answer 24

With ageing there is loss of cardio myocytes

Question 25

Physiological hypertrophy

Answer 25

during exercise or pregnancy

Question 26

how is the cardiovascular system effected with ageing?

Answer 26

reduced sensitivity to sympathetic stimuli which compromises myocardial contractility and pumping ability

Question 27

3 things that show the structure of central nervous system

Answer 27

1.decline in brain mass and weight
2.fewer synaptic contracts and nerve cell
3.reduce cerebral blood flow(CBF blood supply to brain in period of time)

Question 28

what are the functions of intellect, verbal skills and mental activity of the central nervous system?

Answer 28

Intellect:slower in central processing-takes longer to perform tasks
Verbal skills:gradual decrease in vocab, semantic errors and abnormal prosody
Mental activity:difficulty learning, languages and forgetfulness in non critical areas-doesn’t impair recall of important memories or effect function