Developmental origins

Question 1

The barker hypothesis

Answer 1

when risk of health and disease are looked at the adult life with the environmental conditions of the early life

Question 2

The Hertfordshire cohort

Answer 2

looked at all births born from 1911 onwards. Looked at one person course of the life

Question 3

Proxy measure

Answer 3

of the in-utero environment experienced by that child -reflects on mother’s health status and how well placenta is working

Question 4

Mismatch theories of programming

Answer 4

if born in deprived area if the individual stays there the individual stays health but if it changes to another rich environment there would be likelihood to get diseases

Question 5

The Dutch “hunger winter’-1944-1945

Answer 5

German blockade cut off food and fuel supplies resulted in 5-month famine in parts of Netherlands

Question 6

Transgenerational origins

Answer 6

offspring of fathers who were prenatally undernourished were heavier and obese than those who have not been undernourished prenatally

Question 7

Jabary 2020

Answer 7

growth restricted mouse, injected glucose into their stomach then did a blood sample and saw how their body metabolised the glucose.
Sugar levels in mice which were small at birth were higher than the mice who were normal sized

Question 8

what did jabary 2020 show?

Answer 8

the mice changed how they metabolised glucose(impaired glucose tolerance) mice altered how their body reacts to glucose, alters insulin levels and insulin resistance make it more insulin resistant to keep the free glucose circulating so they can catch up their growth. Keeping free glucose around makes it more likely for them to get diabetes what’s carried in the uterus leads to type 2 diabetes

Question 9

Epigenetic

Answer 9

DNA changes in each cells dictates what it becomes in each cell

Question 10

Somatic cell

Answer 10

DNA wraps itself around histone and forms chromatin becoming a chromosome

Question 11

Sperm

Answer 11

DNA wrapped around protamine when the sperm meets the egg the switches to the histone process.

Question 12

Epigenetics

Answer 12

regulation of gene expression by modification to the DNA and chromatin structure which do not alter the underlying DNA sequence.

Question 13

3 ways to modify chromatin

Answer 13

1.DNA methylation
2.histone modification
3.non-coding RNA

Question 14

what is the purpose of modifying chromatin?

Answer 14

modifying the chromatin so it can open and close to allow gene expression or the opposite.

Question 15

DNA methylation reprogramming

Answer 15

This reprogramming happens when you’re growing what happens as a foetus effects later life.