molecular basis of cancer Flashcards
what does clonal mean?
genetic changes inherited when cells divide
what is progression?
benign tumour to malignant, metastatic tumour
3 environmental factors of getting cancer
diet, viruses, chemicals
during natural selection(evolution of cells) what are the 4 different types of mutations?
- initiating mutation
2.second mutation
3.third mutation
4.fourth mutation
what happens during initiating mutation ?
global expansion: evolution – cell that bypasses rules and regulation as single mutation gives survival advantages then the cells proliferate and grow more
what happens during the second mutation?
then it accumulates and gives rise to more cells and the second clonal expansion begins.
what happens during the third mutation?
proliferation continues and the third clonal expansion happens cells are uncontrollably, changing and growing
what happens during the fourth mutation?
it has all these uncontrollable cells also due to proliferation
in the fourth mutation, what is mild dysplasia ?
during single change is initiated cancer is not detectable but slow accumulation you can see mild dysplasia
what are the 2 things mild dysplasia can turn into?
1.moderate dysplasia
2.severe dysplasia.
what stage of cancer is situ carcinoma?
third stage of cancer
what is invasive carcinoma?
cancer has started to spread in the body
what are the 2 genes that lead to cancer?
1.oncogenes
2.protoncogenes
what are oncogenes?
mutated form of normal genes that are involved in cell growth interaction and after doses
what are protoncogenes?
normal cellular genes and include proteins which can regulate cell cycle, cell growth and cell differentiation and apoptosis