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illness > intro to cancer > Flashcards

intro to cancer Flashcards

1
Q

Invasive cancer

A

regulation in lost cancer cells, they grow, divide and survive in an uncontrolled manner spreading throughout the body interfering with function of normal tissues and organs

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2
Q

Cancer

A

uncontrolled growth and inappropriate survival

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3
Q

invasive

A

when spreads throughout the body

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4
Q

what are 2 causes of cancer

A

DNA damaging exposures- mutations in stem cells- cancer
Modulators of risk- genetics, diet and immune system

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5
Q

Clonal

A

a genetic disease at the cellular level

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6
Q

Progression

A

single change can result in normal cells to benign tumour to malignant, metastatic tumour.

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7
Q

Role of environmental factors

A

diet, viruses and chemicals

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8
Q

8 Characteristics of cancer cells

A

-large variable shaped nuclei
-small cytoplasmic volume
-variation in cell size and shape
-disorganised arrangement of cells
-loss of normal specialised features
-elevated expression of certain cell markers
-large number of dividing cells
-poorly defined tumor boundaries

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9
Q

Tumour

A

abnormal proliferation(growth) of cells

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10
Q

Benign tumour

A

remain confined to original locals doesn’t spread throughout the body

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11
Q

Malignant tumour

A

capable of invading surrounding normal tissue and spreads throughout the body via circulatory or lymphatic systems(metastasis

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12
Q

3 main groups

A

Sacromas
Leukaemia
Homeostasis

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13
Q

Sarcomas

A

solid tumours of connective tissue- arise from muscle, bone , cartilage

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14
Q

Leukaemia and lymphomas

A

arise from blood forming cells and cells of immune system

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14
Q

Homeostasis

A

there will be a balance of normal cell division and apoptosis

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14
Q

Cancer

A

Tumour- increased cell division and normal apoptosis or can be the other way round.

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15
Q

8 characteristics of Cancer cells

A
  1. Density-dependent inhibition
  2. Autocrine growth stimulation
  3. Less cell-cell and cell-matrix interactions
  4. secrete proteases that digest extracellular matrix
  5. Angiogenesis-can invade tissues surrounding – need blood supply because they are growing and can make blood vessels
  6. don’t differentiate normally
  7. fail to undergo apoptosis
  8. Resistance to radiation and chemotherapy-DNA damage
  9. capacity for unlimited replication - Telomerase
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16
Q

what does cancer cells not being density dependent inhibition mean?

A

dont respond to signals that cause normal cells to cease proliferation but continue to grow in high cell densities. In cancer cells the epithelial cells will grow and pile up on each other.

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17
Q

Autocrine growth stimulation

A

where cancer secretes its own growth factors

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18
Q

6 Hallmarks of cancer

A

Sustaining proliferating signalling- don’t recognise Hayflick limit
-evade growth suppressors
-activating invasion and metastasis
-enabling replicating mortality
-inducing angiogenesis
-resisting cell death

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19
Q

what do the six hallmarks of cancer allow ?

A

allow the cancerous cells to spread to the body

20
Q

3 steps of cancer

A

1.initiation
2.proliferating
3.invasion

21
Q

Initiation

A

in the epithelial cells starts off with one cell being mutated or changed. It then has a survival advantage and increases

22
Q

Progression

A

so then there is an adenoma in a benign shape- starts growing and proliferating. When breaking its surroundings it releases enzymes -breaks surrounding of tumour and spreads and advance invades its surrounding tissues and starts to circulate in the blood circulation

23
Q

invasion

A

that’s how it starts to break surrounding and releases enzymes to then break the surrounding of the tumour

24
Q

route cells use for metastasis

A

1.haematopiesis: using blood vessels or circulation for example sarcomas and carcinoma e.g thyroid cancer is spread through blood circulation

25
Q

how cancer is spread in metastasis

A

body surfaces , body cavities

26
Q

Newplasia-

A

term for new growth

27
Q

4 Stages in carcinoma development

A

1.initial transformed cell
2.epithelial dysplasia
3.carcinoma in situ
4.invasive carcinoma

28
Q

epithelial dysplasia

A

stages multiple -not cancer yet but there is dysplasia which is a change in the epithelial cells. This is where patient can be given medication. Potentially be benign

29
Q

Carcinoma in situ

A

if it doesn’t get treated in the previous stage it will lead to this but can be treated

30
Q

invasive carcinoma

A

this where it is cancer- due to proliferation and change in structure

31
Q

4 different cancer screenings

A

Mammography with x rays of woman breasts
Blood samples
Endoscopy all to look into tissues with a scope
Biopsy and blood

32
Q

Cancer diagnosis

A

extracting genetic information of cancer biopsy- helps to diagnose and treat cancer in any one individual

33
Q

Biopsy

A

surgical removal of small piece of small piece of tissue for microscopic examination

34
Q

Microarrays

A

determine which genes are turned on or off in sample

35
Q

Proteomic profiles

A

analysis of protein activity

36
Q

Cervical cancer screening

A

dysplasia -changes in tissue appearance

37
Q

2 different types of smear test

A

1.normal Pap smear
2.abnormal Pap smear-patients can be alerted that changes in the epithelial cells undergo colposcopy

38
Q

Surgery

A

best of curing -lump or tumour found before it spreads can be cut out

39
Q

Radiotherapy

A

if location of cancer is identified it can shine radiation there -killing rapidly prolierferating cells and damage surrounding cells but there are side effects

40
Q

Chemotherapy

A

give into blood stream -toxic and has other effects on non-cancer cells

41
Q

what are the effects of chemotherapy

A

Effects-hair loss, immune suppression, bone marrow suppression

42
Q

3 Preventative measures of cancer

A

1.genetic risk assessment 2.vaccine
3.drugs

43
Q

Diagnosis

A

biomarker, new tests and screening

44
Q

Prognosis

A

personalised therapy -not all patients respond to drugs in same way

45
Q

Therapy

A

invasive surgery, robotics

46
Q

Targeted drugs

A

antibodies , small molecules-this correct the tumour and see which drug is useful for it

47
Q

Biological therapies

A

gene therapy and immunotherapy

48
Q

why is it better to combine gene therapy and target drug therapy?

A

is better to target that way to combine with historical treatment -make more effective.

illness (22 decks)

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