Tumors Flashcards
anaplasia
loss of cellular differentiation and function
atrophy
a wasting
decrease in size of an organ or tissue
benign
not recurrent or progressive
cachexia
a state of ill health
cancer
malignant neoplasm marked by uncontrolled growth and the spread by abnormal cells
cancer in epithleial cells
carcinomas
cancer in mesenchymal tissues
sarcomas
carcinoma in situ
a new growth or malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue and do not extend beyond the basement membrane
carcinogen
any substance or agent that produces cancer or increases the risk of developing cancer
carcinogenises
the production or origin of cancer
co-carcinogen
a chemical or enviromental factor that enhances the action of a carcinogen
chemotherapy
the application of chemical reagents that have specific and toxic effect on a disease causing pathogen
contact inhibition
the natural process of arresting cell growth when two or more cells come into contact with each other
when does contact inhibition fail?
malignant neoplasia growth
embolus
clot that is moving in circulation
etiology
the study of the cause of disease
hemangioma
a benign tumor composed of newly formed blood vessels
hematoma
a swelling or mass of blood, usually clotted, confined to an organ
infiltration
the process of a substance passing into and being deposited within the substance of a cell
leukemia
a malignancy of the blood forming cells in the bone marrow
lymphadenopathy
disease of the lymph nodes
malaise
a generalized feeling of discomfort
malignant
growing worse, resisting treatment
metastasis
movement of cells from one part of the body to another
neoplasm
a new formation of tissue
oncogenesis
tumor formation and development
oncogene
a potentially cancer inducing gene
prodromal
pertaining to the initial stage of a disease
the interval b/w earliest symptoms and apperance of rash or fever
sarcoma
a cancer arising from connective (mesenchymal) tissue
sign
abnormally noted by an observer
stroma
the supporting tissue or matrix of and organ or tumor
symptom
abnormally noted by a patient
syndrome
a group of symptoms and signs of disordered function related to one another by means of some peculiarity
tumor
a swelling or enlargement, one of four classic signs of inflammation
tumor angiogenesis factor
a protein present in animal and human cancer tissue
tumor marker
a substance whose presence in blood serum serves as a biochemical indicator for the presence of a malignancy
benign tumor characteristics
- grow by expansion
benign tumor characteristics
- round, smooth, and regular to palpate
benign tumor characteristics
- rarely cause severe problems
benign tumor characteristics
- tend to grow slowly and not recur
may cause pressure effects
benign tumor characteristics
- histologically, benign tumors are well-differentiated, closely resembeling tissue of origin
Malignant tumor characteristics
- grow by local invasion and infiltration with destruction of surrounding tissue
Malignant tumor characteristics
- usually poorly circumscribed and unencapsulated
Malignant tumor characteristics
- tumor often fixed to other surrounding tissues
Malignant tumor characteristics
4.rough and irregular to palpation, may cause ulceration
Malignant tumor characteristics
- grow rapidly and difficult to remove surgically in their entirety
Malignant tumor characteristics
- chief definitive feature of malignant tumors is their tendency to spread locally, and metastasis
Malignant tumor characteristics
- histologically, malignancies are poorly differentiated
aggressive tumors show frequent mitosis
what are intermediate tumors?
tumors that are between benign and malignant
examples of intermediate tumors
ganglioneuroblastoma
giant cell tumor
suffix meaning tumor
-oma
if naming a malignant tumor you must determine what?
the parent tissue
parent tissue = epithelial
carcinoma
parent tissue = connective tissue
sarcoma
suffix indicating a malignancy arising in embryoic tissue in precurser cells
-blastoma
T or F
lymphoma, leukemia, and myloma are all malignancies
T
What is a benign tumor in chorionic epithelium
hydatiform mole
malignancy in choronic epithelium
choriocarcinoma
What is largely responsible for the generation of malignant cells?
genetic mutations
What are two major categories of mutated genes?
- oncogenes
2. tumor suppressor genes
What are tumor suppressor genes?
inherent genes that play a role in cell division and DNA repair and are critical for detecting inappropriate cell growth signals
What are the categories of carcinogens?
- viruses
- radiation
- chemical
cytomegalovirus
kaposi’s sarcoma
epstein-barr virus
burkitt’s lymphoma, immunoblastic lymphoma, nasopharyngeal carcinoma
hep B
hepatocellular carcinoma
herpesvirus 8
kaposi’s sarcoma
HIV
kaposi’s sarcoma, lymphoma
HPV
cervical carcinoma
human t cell lymphotropic virus
t-cell lymphomas, hairy cell leukemia
