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Micro 2 test 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Acellular

A

they are not a cell

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2
Q

Size Range

A

200-300 nanometers (variola)

18-30 nanometers (polio and rhinoviruses)

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3
Q

morphology

A

helical (rod); cubic (geometric)

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4
Q

No combination

A

RNA and DNA

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5
Q

Surrounded by a

A

capsid

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6
Q

what are capsids made of

A

capsomeres

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7
Q

What do viruses require for replication?

A

a living cell

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8
Q

If a virus reproduces without killing a cell it is

A

a persistant infection

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9
Q

If a virus kills a cell it is

A

lytic

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10
Q

Viruses show specificity how?

A

by species e.g. polio->primates but not chicken

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11
Q

What is tropism?

A

affinity for target tissue

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12
Q

What are interferons?

A

a family of eukaryotic cell protiens made and released by host cells in response to the presence of viruses

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13
Q

What do interferons allow?

A

communication between cells to trigger protective defenses

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14
Q

What is the least favored method for cultivating viruses?

A

Animals (because they may have other viruses)

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15
Q

infection and replication

5 categories

A 
attachment
penetration
uncoating
biochemical replication
assembly and maturation
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16
Q

attachment happens because of

A

ionic bonds and receptors

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17
Q

penetration happens because of

A

membrane fusion

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18
Q

uncoating happens where

A

intracellular

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19
Q

assembly and maturation happens where?

A 
in nucleus and cytoplasm (DNA)
cytoplasm only (RNA)
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20
Q

How do you harvest viruses?

2 ways

A
  1. Harvest from liquid growth medium which overlays cell culture
  2. differential centrifugation (used for purity)
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21
Q

What are the assays? (6)

A
  1. electron microscope
  2. titration
  3. plaque assay
  4. lethal dose 50% (LD-50)
  5. Hemagglutination (HA)
  6. ELISA (enzyme-linked immunosorbant assay)
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22
Q

What is electron microscope used for?

A

observe/examine the size structure of various viruses

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23
Q

what is titration used for?

A

to determine titer of the virus in the sample

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24
Q

What is plaque assay used for?

A

to quantitate viable virus particles derived from both bacteria and animals

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25
Q

What do plaques on a lawn of a cell represent?

A

a virus infection

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26
Q

Each plaque represents

A

one virus particle

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27
Q

What is plaque assay analogous to?

A

viable cell count in bacteriology

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28
Q

virus induced plaques serve as a tool for _______

A

enumeration

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29
Q

LD-50 assay measures what?

A

the highest dilution of a virus that is required to kill 50% of the experimental animals

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30
Q

What does LD-50 not give?

A

a specific virus particle number

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31
Q

What does LD-50 provide?

A

an idea of the relative strength of the preparation (when comparing two or more samples)

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32
Q

Hemagglutination does what?

A

provides a means of detecting the viruses prescence and quantitating their numbers by (causing RBC clumping)

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33
Q

ELISA uses what to test?

A

blood serum (antibodies)

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34
Q

ELISA is ________ and _______ based.

A

colored and enzyme

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35
Q

ELISA is particularly useful for

A

HIV testing

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36
Q

HIV testing relies on what two assays?

A
  1. ELISA (introductory)

2. Western Blot (confirmatory)

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37
Q

What assay requires a serial dilution of the virus preparation?

A

hemagglutination

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38
Q

Which assay requires incubation of the virus preparation?

A

hemagglutination

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39
Q

What are the steps of lytic infection?

A
  1. infection
  2. infected
  3. bacteriophage maturation
  4. bacteriophage maturation
  5. lysis
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40
Q

What step of lysogeny has induction?

A

3—->4 (e.g. temperature)

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41
Q

What step of lysogeny has transduction?

A

4

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42
Q

What step of lysogeny has lysis?

A

5

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43
Q

Are RNA viruses permanent?

A

no

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44
Q

T or F

RNA viruses integrate into cells.

A

F

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45
Q

T or F

RNA viruses replicate in the nucleus.

A

F

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46
Q

T or F

RNA viruses are single stranded.

A

T

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47
Q

What are the 6 common RNA virus families?

A
  1. PICORNAVIRIDAE
  2. RETROVIRIDAE
  3. TOGAVIRADAE
  4. RHABDOVIRIDAE
  5. PARAMYXOVIRIDAE
  6. ORTHOMYXOVIRIDAE
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48
Q

What are some examples of picornaviridae?

A

polio, ECHO, Coxackie, HAV, Rhino (common cold)

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49
Q

What are some examples of retroviridae?

A

animal tumor and leukemia, HIV, HTLV-1 & HTLV-2

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50
Q

What are some examples of Togaviridae?

A

encephalitis

51
Q

What are some examples of Rhabdoviridae?

52
Q

What are some examples of Paramyxoviridae?

A

parainfluenza, mumps, measles, respiratory syncytial

53
Q

What are some examples of orthomyxoviridae?

54
Q

T or F

DNA viruses are single stranded.

55
Q

T or F

DNA viruses are permanent.

56
Q

T or F

DNA viruses do not integrate into cells.

57
Q

What are 4 common DNA virus families?

A
  1. Adenoviridae
  2. Herpetoviridae
  3. Poxviridae
  4. Papovaviridae
58
Q

What are examples of adenoviridae?

A

human serotypes of adeno viruses

59
Q

What are examples of Herpetoviradae?

A

herpes simplex viruses, Varicella-zoster virus, cytomegalo virus, epstein-barr virus

60
Q

What are some examples of poxviridae?

A

smallpox, vaccina

61
Q

What are examples of papovaviridae?

A

HPV (human papilloma virus)

62
Q

What RNA virus is not single stranded?

A

Reviovirus (dsRNA)

63
Q

Where do RNA viruses replicate?

A

cytoplasm (except retrovirus)

64
Q

SS(-)RNA carry what?

A

RNA-dependent RNA polymerase

65
Q

A virion-associated polymerase is also carried by what?

A

Reovirus, Retrovirus (reverse transcriptase)

66
Q

What family does Norwalk virus belong?

A

Calciviridae

67
Q

T or F

Calciviridae is a naked virus

68
Q

What is the most common cause of viral diarrhea in adults?

A

Norwalk virus

69
Q

What is the #1 cause of infectious diarrhea and major cause of infant mortality worldwide?

70
Q

What other virus belongs to the Caliciviridae other than norwalk virus?

A

Hepatitis E

71
Q

T or F

The picornaviridae family is enveloped.

72
Q

What members of the Picornaviridae family are enteroviruses?

A
  1. Polio
  2. ECHO
  3. Coxakie A & B
  4. Hepatitis A
73
Q

What cells does polio attack?

A
  1. Peyer’s patches of intestine

2. Motor neurons (encephalic)

74
Q

Is man the only host of polio?

75
Q

Is paralysis a usual occurence in polio

A

can happen but not usual

76
Q

Where does polio spread?

A

upper and lower alimentary tract

77
Q

Does polio attack various areas of the brain and spinal cord?

78
Q

What is the dead vaccine for polio?

79
Q

What is the live vaccine for polio?

80
Q

Which vaccine for polio has no risk?

81
Q

Which vaccine for polio has a oral intake and gives permanent immunity>?

82
Q

T or F

Polio is neurotropic.

83
Q

What does ECHO stand for?

A

Enteric Cytopathic Human Orphan virus

84
Q

What are some examples of ECHO serotypes?

A
  1. Aseptic meningitis
  2. paralysis
  3. gastroenteritis
  4. colds etc.
85
Q

Is man the only host of the ECHO virus?

86
Q

Is the ECHO virus usually serious?

87
Q

Where is the Coxackie virus from?

A

Coxackie, NY

88
Q

What family does Coxackie virus belong?

A

Picornaviridae

89
Q

Coxackie A & B share what?

A
  1. both can cause aseptic meningitis

2. man is the only host

90
Q

Coxackie A is what?

A

Herpangina (stomatitus)

91
Q

Coxackie A causes what?

A

rashes

exanthema of extremities

92
Q

Coxackie B is a ?

A

severe systemic illness of newborn (acute respiratory dxs—-usually in children

93
Q

Hepatitis A belongs to what family?

A

Picornaviridae

94
Q

What is the non-enterovirus of the picornaviridae family?

A

Rhino virus

95
Q

The rhino virus is AKA

A

coryza or cold virus

96
Q

What is the rhino virus most commonly responsible for?

A

mild upper respiratory infection

97
Q

How many serotypes of rhinovirus are known?

98
Q

What are serotypes AKA?

A

immunotypes

99
Q

Is man the only host of rhinovirus

100
Q

What does retroviridae family include?

A
  1. HIV

2. HTLV

101
Q

What is HTLV?

A

Adult T-cell leukemia

102
Q

What does HIV have an affinity for?

A
  1. T4 cells
  2. CD4 receptors
  3. microphage (CCR5 chemokin receptor)
103
Q

Can HIV infect the CNS?

104
Q

Is HIV permanent?

105
Q

Is HIV usually the cause of death?

A

no (secondary infection)

106
Q

What do HIV patients usually die from>?

A

PNEUMOCYSTIS CARINII

(innocuous protozoan)

107
Q

What viruses belong to Flaviviridae?

A
  1. Yellow Fever Virus
  2. St. Louis encephalitis virus
  3. Dengue virus
  4. Hepatitis C virus
108
Q

What is an AKA of yellow fever?

A

black jack

109
Q

What is yellow fever virus?

A

hepatitis with jaundice, fever, backache, nausea, vomiting

110
Q

Who discovered yellow fever virus?

A

Walter Reed

111
Q

T or F

Yellow Fever virus is an Arbovirus.

112
Q

T or F

Rubella is an Arbovirus.

113
Q

What is the vector for the St. Louis encephalitis virus?

114
Q

IS the St. Louis encephalitis virus an Arbovirus?

115
Q

What kind of virus is the dengue virus?

A

hemorrhagic

116
Q

T or F

The Dengue virus only exists in tundra regions.

A

F (tropical)

117
Q

Does the Dengue virus exist in america?

118
Q

What does Dengue cause?

A

“breakwater fever”, intense backache, muscle and joint pain, rash, mental depression

119
Q

How long does dengue last?

120
Q

What is the vector for Dengue?

121
Q

T or F

Dengue is an Arbovirus?

122
Q

What belongs to the Togaviridae family?

A
  1. WEE
  2. EEE
  3. VEE
  4. Rubella
123
Q

All the members of the Togavirdae share what vector?

A

mosquito (Arbovirus)

124
Q

What is the reservoir for the Togaviridae?

A

wild birds

Anatomy (22 decks)

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