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Anatomy > micro 2 > Flashcards

micro 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Elie Metchnikoff

A

1st to observe phagocytes

father of immunology

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2
Q

Innate (nonspecific) immunity
Anatomical barriers
mechanical

A
  1. Skin

2. Mucous membranes—-saliva/mucus/urine

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3
Q

Innate (nonspecific) immunity
Anatomical barriers
chemical

A
  1. skin

2. mucous membranes (Lysozyme and phospholipase A of tears and saliva)

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4
Q

Innate (nonspecific) immunity
Anatomical barriers
biological factors

A
  1. skin and mucous membranes (antimicrobial substances, etc)
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5
Q

Innate (nonspecific) immunity

Humoral components

A
  1. Complement
  2. coagulation system
  3. lactoferrin and transferrin
  4. lysozyme
  5. cytokines
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6
Q

neutrophils

kill by

A

phagocytocis
intracellular killing
(cause inflamation and tissue damage)

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7
Q

Innate (nonspecific) immunity

cellular components

A
  1. neutrophils
  2. monocytes/microphages
  3. NK and LAK cells
  4. Eosinophils
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8
Q

Humoral components

complement

A

lysis of bacteria
increase in vascular permeability
recruitment of phagocytic cells

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9
Q

Humoral components

coagulation system

A

increase vascular permeability
recruitment of phagocytes
B-lysin from platelets

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10
Q

B-lysin

A

a cationic detergent

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11
Q

Humoral components

lactoferrin and tranferrin

A

compete with bacteria for iron

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12
Q

Humoral components

lysozyme

A

breaks down bacterial cell wall

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13
Q

Humoral components

cytokines

A

various effects

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14
Q

monocytes and microphages

kill by

A

phagocytosis and intracellular killing

extracellular killing of infected or altered self targets

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15
Q

monocytes and microphages

special

A

antigen presentation for specific immune response

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16
Q

NK cells and LAK cells

do what

A

kill virus infected and altered self targets

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17
Q

eosinophils

do what

A

kill certain parasites

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18
Q

Acquired immuity (specific)

A

react with a specific pathogen, discrete determinates

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19
Q 
Acquired immuity (specific)
2 kinds
A 
cell-mediated immunity
humoral immunity (Ab)
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20
Q 
Acquired immuity (specific)
hallmarks
A

self/non-self discrimination
memory
specificity
diversity

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21
Q

Primary lymphoid organs

A

bone marrow
thymus

FETAL LIVER

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22
Q

secondary lymph organs

A

Spleen
lymph nodes
tonsils
MALT

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23
Q

humoral root

A

fluid contained

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24
Q

blood cells

A

RBC
Platelets
WBC

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25
Q

WBCs include

A

1.monocytes/macrophages
2.Polymorphonuclear granulocytes
neutrophils
eosinophils
basophils
3.Lymphocytes
NK cells
T cells
B cells

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26
Q

NK cells are what % of WBC

A

15

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27
Q

Lymphocytes are what % of WBC

A

20

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28
Q

Neutrophils are what % of PMN

A

95

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29
Q

monocyte lysosomes contain

A

peroxidase

acid hydrolases

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30
Q

monocytes become

A

tissue macrophages

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31
Q

neutrophils primary granules contain

A

lysosomes with acid anhydrolases, myeloperoxidase,

muramidase

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32
Q

neutrophils secondary granules contain

A

lactoferrin

lysozyme

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33
Q

eosinophils are what % of WBC

A

2-5

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34
Q

eosinophils do what upon stimulation

A

degranulate,
release histamine, and
aryl sulphatase

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35
Q

basophils are what % of WBCs

A

<.2

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36
Q

basophils are similar to

A

mast cells in tissue involved in allergic response

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37
Q

large lymphocytes

A

NK cells

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38
Q

small lymphocytes

A

T cells

B cells

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39
Q

NK cells are part of

A

cell mediated immunity

innate immune response

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40
Q

do Nk cells require prior activation

A

no

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41
Q

What molecules do NK cells attack specifically?

A

MHC class I molecules

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42
Q

T and B cells are principal cells involved in what

A

adaptive immune system

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43
Q

Do T and B cells retain a memory of previous infection?

A

yes

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44
Q

B cells are primarily responsible for

A

humoral immunity

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45
Q

B cells mature in

A

bone marrow

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46
Q

B cells differentiate into

A

plasma cells

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47
Q

T cells are primarily responsible for

A

cell mediated immunity

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48
Q

T cells mature in the

A

thymus

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49
Q

T cells begin in the

A

Bone marrow

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50
Q

when T cells are activated they secrete

A

specific proteins

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51
Q

when T cells are activated they secrete specifically

A

cytokines
cytotoxic granules

helper (CD4)
cytotoxic (CD8)

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52
Q

Antigen presenting cells

A

microphages
dendritic cells
B cells

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53
Q

immunogen

A

ability to induce a humoral and/or cell mediated response

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54
Q

antigen(Ag)

A

ability to specifically bind to an antibody or cell mediated receptor

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55
Q

Haptens

A

incomplete antigens

need a large carrier such as Hapten-carrier conjugate

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56
Q

Adjuvant

A

agents which modify the effect of other agents

few direct effects

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57
Q

Epitopes

A

antigenic determinants

specific active regions for lymphocyte antigen receptors and antibodies

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58
Q

Allergin

A

substance that causes an allergic reaction

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59
Q

Factors influencing immunogenicity

A
  1. contribution of the immunogen
  2. contribution of the biological system
  3. method of administration
  4. chemical nature of immunogens
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60
Q

contribution of immunogen

A
  1. foriegness
  2. size >6000 MW
  3. Chem composition
  4. physical form
  5. degradability (Ag processing by Ag Presenting cells)
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61
Q

contribution of biological system

A
  1. genetics

2. Age

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62
Q

method of administration

A
  1. dose
  2. route
  3. adjuvant
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63
Q

method of administration

dose

A

subcutaneous>intravenous>intragastric

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64
Q

method of administration

adjuvant

A

substances that enhance an immunogen response to an Ag

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65
Q

Chemical nature of immunogens

A

proteins
polysacchirides
nucleic acids
lipids

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66
Q

Antibody

A

gamma globulins that are produced by plasma cells in response to stimulation by foriegn antigen

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67
Q

gamma globulins

A

immunoglobulins

glycoproteinmolecules

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68
Q

antibodies are aquired through

A 
natural infection and recovery
transplacental (only class Ig G)
breast milk feeding for secretory Ig A (sIg A)
vaccine immunization
recieving antibodies
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69
Q

Structure and function of antibody

Y config

A

heavy chain
light chain
disulfide bond
contains FAB AND FC REGION

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70
Q

what is Fab

A

site of antigen binding

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71
Q

variation in Fab allows

A

a wide range of specific activity

recognition of many antigens

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72
Q

Fc is what

A

constant part of the Ab molecules

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73
Q

functions of Fc

A

complement activation
attraction of inflammatory cells
opsonization

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74
Q

what is opsonization

A

phagocytosis by macrophages with the assistance of antibodies and complement

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75
Q

do macrophages have receptors for Fc molecules

A

yes

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76
Q

what enhances macrophages opsonizational activity

A

Fc and complements

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77
Q

how do antibodies digest

A

by papain and pepsin

different fragments

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78
Q

5 classes of antibodies

A
  1. Ig G
  2. Ig A
  3. Ig M
  4. Ig D
  5. Ig E
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79
Q

most abundant antibody

A

Ig G

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80
Q

smallest antibody

A

Ig G

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81
Q

Ig A

two types

A

serum type

secretory type

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82
Q

4th highest concentration antibody

A

Ig D

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83
Q

binds to basophils and mast cells

A

Ig E

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84
Q

antibody in secretory mucosomembrane, tears, mouth

A

sIg A

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85
Q

3rd highest concentration antibody

A

Ig M

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86
Q

transplacental antibody

first few weeks of birth

A

Ig G

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87
Q

antibody associated with parasitic infections

A

Ig E

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88
Q

agglutinins

A

combine with Ag to cause agglutination

WIDAL TEST for TYPHOID FEVER

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89
Q

preciptins

A

combine with a soluble Ag to form a preciptiation complex

OUCHTERLONY PRECIPTIN TEST

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90
Q

lysins

A

Ab that will lyse particulate Ag

usually needs the prescence of a complement to complete this reaction

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91
Q

antitoxin

A

soluble Ab that neutralizes toxins
TETANUS TOXIN
DIPTHERIA TOXIN
BOTULISM TOXIN

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92
Q

Ag-Ab reaction

affinity

A

strength of the reaction between a single antigenic determinant and a single Ab combining site

93
Q

Ag-Ab reaction

Avidity

A

overall strength of binding between an Ag with many determinats and multivalent Abs

94
Q

Ag-Ab reaction

specificity

A

ability of an individual antibody combining site to react with oly one antigenic determinant & the ability of a population of antibody molecules to react with only one antigen

95
Q

Ag-Ab reaction

cross reactivity

A

ability of an individual Ab combinig site to react with more than one antigenic determinant & the ability of a population of Ab molecules to react with more than one Ag

96
Q

Hemocytoblasts

A

stem cells of bone marrow

97
Q

hemocytoblasts origin

A

embryonic liver and embryonic yolk sac

98
Q

T lymphocyte development

A

bone marrow—-thymus—-peripheral lymphatic tissue

99
Q

T cells chief responsibility

A

cell mediated immunity

100
Q

T cells action in humoral immunity

A

antigen presenting process

101
Q

Cytotoxic T cells AKA

A

CD-8

102
Q

Cytotoxic T cells appear _____ and release _____

A

early and granules

103
Q

T- helper subscripts

A

CD4, T4, Th

104
Q

T-helper action

A

interact with Ag before B cells
stimulates activity of CD8

***helps B cells synthesize Ab by secrection of interleukin

105
Q

Suppressor T cells action

A

dampen the activity of B and T lymphocytes

inhibits immune response—autoimmunity

106
Q

B lymphocytes development

A

origin in Bone Marrow from hematopoiesis— enter circulation and got to peripheral lymph organs

107
Q

B cells (upon stimulation)

A

differentiate and form effector plasma cells and memory cells

108
Q

B cells mainly involved in

A

humoral immunity

109
Q

immunoglobins AKA

A

Ab

110
Q

Six participants involved in B cell conversion to plasma cells (namely Ab-forming cell)

A
  1. Microphage
  2. CD4 lymphocyte
  3. Exogenous antigen
  4. MHC CLASS 2
  5. Cytokine
  6. B cells
111
Q

MHC

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex

112
Q

MHC definition

A

set of molecules displayed on cell surfaces responsible for lymphocyte recognition and antigen presentation

*****control the immune response through recognition of “self” and “non-self”

113
Q

MHC chromosome location

A

Chromosome 6

114
Q

MHC classes

A

1,2,3

115
Q

MHC class 1

A

expressed on virtually every cell

**presents endogenous peptide antigens to Tc cells

116
Q

MHC class 2

A

primarily on Antigen presenting cells

**present processed exogenous peptides to Th cells

117
Q

MHC class 3

A

various secreted protiens that have immune functions

118
Q

APC

A

Antigen presenting cells

119
Q

APC found where

A 
skin 
lymph nodes
spleen
underneath mucosal epithelium
thymus
120
Q

APCs include

A 
dendritic cells
follicular dendritic cells
interdigitating dendritic cells
B cells
macrophages
121
Q

Definition of Atigen processing and presentation

A

processing-protein antigen degraded into peptides

presentation-peptide-MHC complex transported to cell membrane and displayed

122
Q

Endogenous Ag bind to

A

MHC class 1

123
Q

Endogenous Ag are processed within

A

cytoplasm

124
Q

Endogenous Ag examples

A

cellular proteins
tumor proteins
viral and bacterial proteins

125
Q

Exogenous Ag bind to

A

MHC class 2

126
Q

Exogenous Ag internalized by

A

phagocytosis or endocytosis

127
Q

Exogenous Ag processed within

A

endocytic pathway

128
Q

TCR means

A

T cell receptor molecule

129
Q

TCR structurally similar to

A

BCR

130
Q

TCR provides

A

specificity for an individual T cell to recognize a particular Ag

131
Q

Why is the TCR “MHC restricted?”

A

because the TCR is required to interact with MHC

132
Q

CD4 interacts with

A

MHC class 2

133
Q

CD8 interacts with

A

MHC class 1

134
Q

interactions between the CD4 and CD8 with their repective MHC acts to

A

stabilize and consummate the antigen recognition process

*****this allows helper T-cells to respond to “exogenous” antigens (leading to B-cell production of antibody)

**also alows Cytotoxic T-cells (CD8) to respond to “endogenous” antigens leading to target cell distruction

135
Q

Where does antigen dependent stages of B-cell differtiation begin?

A

secondary lymph organs

136
Q

Ab have what 3 main functions

A

neutralization
opsonization
complement activation

137
Q

B-cells differentiate into what 2 types of cells

A

plasma

memory

138
Q

immune memory AKA

A

anamnestic response

139
Q

Is a lag phase present in the secondary immune response?

A

no

140
Q

Why is IgM response limited?

A

They use to much protien and energy to keep on

141
Q

Cell-mediated immunity is especially important for

A

destroying intracellular bacteria
eliminating viral infection
destroying tumor cells

142
Q

what are the effector cells involved in CMI

A

cytotoxic T-cells (CTLs)
NK
K cells

143
Q

CTLs are restricted in what way?

A

antigen

MHC

144
Q

CTLs require

A

specific antigen determinant

recognition of self MHC

145
Q

CTLs principally eliminate

A

endogenous antigens

146
Q

CTLs recognize

A 
specific antigens
MHC class 1
147
Q

CTLs express

A

CD8

148
Q

NK cells AKA

A

large granular lymphocytes

149
Q

NK cells are primarily involved in

A

elimination of neoplastic or tumor cells

150
Q

K cells contain

A

immunoglobin Fc receptors

151
Q

K cells are involved in

A

ADCC (antibody-dependant Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity)

152
Q

ADCC occurs as a consequence

A

of antibody being bound to a target cell surface via specfic antigenic determinants expressed by the target cell

153
Q

ADCC can result in

A

CMIR type 2 hypersensitivities

154
Q

the complement system in mammal blood is composed of

A

26 protiens

155
Q

The compliment proteins combine with

A

antibodies or cell surfaces

156
Q

complements are numbered or refered to as

A

factors

157
Q

Do complements have to be activated?

A

yes

158
Q

What 2 pathways activate complements

A

classical

alternate

159
Q

What happens after a complement is activated?

A

complement cascade

160
Q

what are the functions of the comlement cascade?

A

opsonization
clearance of the immune complex
inflammation
MAC—-membrane attack complex

161
Q

Inflammation during the complement cascade produces and this provides

A

chemotactic substances (C3a, C5a)

**increased vascular permeability; causing smooth muscle contraction and promotin mast cell degranulation

162
Q

Classical pathway of complement activiation

A

immune complex initiation, from C1 to C9

163
Q

Alternate pathway activation of complement

A

carbohydrates on bacterial surface

164
Q

Does most phagocytic binding occur without opsonization?

A

no

165
Q

Pagocytic cells express receptors that bind what molecules

A

opsonin including Fc receptors

166
Q

Vaccine

A

usually killed or attenuated bacteria, virus, or attenuated toxin

167
Q

Booster injections

A

additional inoculations introduced to **increase immune response, causing quicker anamnestic response

168
Q

attenuated

A

rendered incapable of causing disease, but capable of inducing immunity

169
Q

Titer

A

concentration

170
Q

Different modes of aquiring immunity

A

Natural
artificial
active
passive

171
Q

natural aquired immunity

A

naturally exposed to pathogen

172
Q

artificial aquired immunity

A

oral intake (or injection) of attenuated organism

173
Q

active aquired immunity

A

host makes own antibodies

174
Q

passive acquired antibodies

A

recieve antibodies from others (or animal serum)

175
Q

4 types of immunization

A

natural aquired active immunity
artificial active immunity
artificial passive aquired immunity
natural aquired passive immunity

176
Q

natural aquired active immunity

A

Ab formation is stimulated by the presence

177
Q

natural aquired active immunity

length of immunity

A

may be lifelong

178
Q

artificial active immunity

A

Ag composed of attenuated microorganism or detoxified product administered to the host which stimulates Ab. production

179
Q

artificial active immunity

example and length of immunity

A

flu shot

long term

180
Q

artificial passive aquired immunity

A

confeerd by injection of serum from an immune animal, or human being, to a susceptible individual

181
Q

artificial passive aquired immunity

example and length of immnity

A

Antitoxin of tetanus

short term

182
Q

natural aquired passive immunity

A

Ab aquired in utero while the baby is in the womb, and later while the baby is nuresing on mother’s breast

183
Q

natural aquired passive immunity

example and length of immunity

A

Ab in uterus and breast milk

short term

184
Q

Hypersensitivity

A

undesirable overreactions produced by the normal immune system to certain allergens

185
Q

Hypersensitivity reactions require

A

a pre sensitized (immune state) of the host

186
Q

Desensitization AKA

A

allergy shots

187
Q

allergy shots work by

A

turning down immune response to the allergen
less Ig E
more Ig G

188
Q

4 types of Hypersensitivity

Type 1

A

Ig E mediated immediate AKA anphylactic

189
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity involves

A

mast cells and basophiles

190
Q

Type 1 hypersensitivity

2 types

A

Localized anaphylaxis

systemic analphylaxis

191
Q

systemic analphylaxis

A

worst case scenario of hypersensitivity

smooth muscle contraction—causing life threatining respitory distress

192
Q

systemic analphylaxis

immediate treatment

A

epinephrine injection

193
Q

Type 2 hypersensitivity

A

Antibody dependent cytotoxicity

Ig G or Ig M

194
Q

Type 2 hypersensitivity

what happens

A

complement enhances cytotoxicity

195
Q

Type 2 hypersensitivity

examples

A

autoimmune hemolytic anemia
tranfusion reactions
goodpasture’s syndrome
graves’ disease

196
Q

Type 3 hypersensitivity

A

immune complex

Ig G or Ig M-mediated immune complex hypersensitivity

197
Q

Type 3 hypersensitivity

AKA

A

arthus reaction and serum sickness

198
Q

Type 3 hypersensitivity

example

A

rheumatic fever (strep infection)
immune complex glomerulonephritis
subacute bacterial endocarditits
systemic lupus erythematosus

199
Q

Type 4 hypersensitivity

A

cytotoxic T cell CD8-mediated immune response AKA delayed

200
Q

Type 4 hypersensitivity

Ab role

A

none

201
Q

Type 4 hypersensitivity

example

A

tuberculosis
poision ivy
skin test
fungal disease

202
Q

Regulation of the Immune response
Immunodeficiency & autoimmunity
Major method of regulation

A

a balance of T helper and T supressor activities

202
Q

Regulation of the Immune response
Immunodeficiency & autoimmunity
Major method of regulation

A

a balance of T helper and T supressor activities

203
Q

Regulation of the Immune response
Immunodeficiency & autoimmunity
Suppressor T-cell release what?

A

factors that suppress the B-cell response

203
Q

Regulation of the Immune response
Immunodeficiency & autoimmunity
Suppressor T-cell release what?

A

factors that suppress the B-cell response

204
Q

Regulation of the Immune response
Immunodeficiency & autoimmunity
suppressor T-cells don’t release what?

A

lymphokines

204
Q

Regulation of the Immune response
Immunodeficiency & autoimmunity
suppressor T-cells don’t release what?

A

lymphokines

205
Q

Regulation of the Immune response
Immunodeficiency & autoimmunity
what does a disturbance in the balance cause?

A

immunodeficiancy syndromes
(state of unresponsiveness is created)
lack of helper
or excess of suppressor activity

205
Q

Regulation of the Immune response
Immunodeficiency & autoimmunity
what does a disturbance in the balance cause?

A

immunodeficiancy syndromes
(state of unresponsiveness is created)
lack of helper
or excess of suppressor activity

206
Q

Regulation of the Immune response
Immunodeficiency & autoimmunity
autoimmunity caused

A

excess helper

or reduced suppressor activity

206
Q

Regulation of the Immune response
Immunodeficiency & autoimmunity
autoimmunity caused

A

excess helper

or reduced suppressor activity

207
Q

Tissue/organ transplantation

Autografting

A

tissue moved from one location to another

207
Q

Tissue/organ transplantation

Autografting

A

tissue moved from one location to another

208
Q

Tissue/organ transplantation

synergenic graft

A

isografting; transplant from identical twins

208
Q

Tissue/organ transplantation

synergenic graft

A

isografting; transplant from identical twins

209
Q

Tissue/organ transplantation

allografting

A

homografting; transplant from geneticall different members of the same species

209
Q

Tissue/organ transplantation

allografting

A

homografting; transplant from geneticall different members of the same species

210
Q

Tissue/organ transplantation

xenografting

A

from different species

210
Q

Tissue/organ transplantation

xenografting

A

from different species

211
Q

Tissue/organ transplantation
rejection
hyperacute

A

in minutes to hours, because of preformed antidoner Ab and complement

211
Q

Tissue/organ transplantation
rejection
hyperacute

A

in minutes to hours, because of preformed antidoner Ab and complement

212
Q

Tissue/organ transplantation
rejection
accelerated

A

in days; reactivation to sensitized T cells

212
Q

Tissue/organ transplantation
rejection
accelerated

A

in days; reactivation to sensitized T cells

213
Q

Tissue/organ transplantation
rejection
acute

A

days to weeks, primary activation of T-cells

213
Q

Tissue/organ transplantation
rejection
acute

A

days to weeks, primary activation of T-cells

214
Q

Tissue/organ transplantation
rejection
chronic

A

months to years; causes not clear, may be Ab and CMI

214
Q

Tissue/organ transplantation
rejection
chronic

A

months to years; causes not clear, may be Ab and CMI

215
Q

Tissue/organ transplantation
rejection
graft-versus-host rejection

A

especially found in bone marrow transplantation, grafted T-cells attack host; symptoms include rash, jaundice, diarrhea, GI hemorrhage

215
Q

Tissue/organ transplantation
rejection
graft-versus-host rejection

A

especially found in bone marrow transplantation, grafted T-cells attack host; symptoms include rash, jaundice, diarrhea, GI hemorrhage

Anatomy (22 decks)

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