Neuro 1 final Flashcards
Golgi Tendon Organ
detects amount of tension in the tendon
Are there sesory in the CNS?
no, only interneurons
spaces between myelin
nodes of ranvier
myelin is made of
lipids
increased thicknes and length of myelinated axons =
increased speed
Axons regenerate in the
PNS
Do axons regenerate in the CNS
no
myelin portions vary from
100-1000 um
neurolema=
tube surrounding axon
oligodendrocyte myelin has
regeneration factors
no facilitating factors
inhibit regeneration
schwann cells
wrap axons in phosholipids
inner layer is
very dark
how many layers of inner layer per major dense line
2
outer layer
very dark
how many outer layers per intraperiod line
2
1 period=
1 myelin layer
how many layers of myelin are typical?
20-23
when is an axon labeled myelinated?
after 8 layers
one shwann cell is responsible for _____ axons
several
is an axon myelinated by one schwann cell?
no, several
What happens during MS?
antibodies attack an axon leading to demyelination
ectoderm=
mesoderm=
somatic
or
voluntary
endoderm=
visceral
or
autonomic
biofeedback
is a process that enables an individual to learn how to change physiological activity for the purposes of improving health and performance.
somatic
general-G
Special-S
visceral
General-G
Special-S
Somatic-General
Afferent
Efferent
Somatic-Special
Afferent
Visceral-General
AKA Autonomic
symapthetic
parasympathetic-enteric
Visceral-Special-Afferent
sight, taste, vestibular, smell, hearing
Visceral-Special-Afferent
does not include
touch, pain, temp
vestibular apparatus responsible for
location of the head in space
pheromones
chemical receptors that will not effect olfactory centers
smell is not a pheromone
vomernasal organ
recieves pheromones
oxytosin
neurotransmitter and pheromone
“the social hormone”
oxytosin
visceral-general-sympathetic
afferent
efferent
Visceral-general-para
afferent
efferent
Visceral-general-sympathetic
responsible for
emotional arousal
mobilizing body for emergency
Are there different levels of sympathetic tone?
no
Visceral-general-para
responsable for
relaxation
sexual arousal
Nitrous Oxide synthase
powerful vasodialator
Visceral-special-afferent
gestation
Visceral-special-efferent
skeletal muscle
trapezius
SCM
m. of facial expression
masticationmeninges
coverings of brain and cord
dura mater
tough mother (pachymeninge)
Arachnoid + Pia
Leptomeninges
Dura layers
periosteum
epidural
peiosteal dura
meningeal dura
Arachnoid layers
sub-dural (non-existant)
arachnoid
subarchnoid
subarachnoid contains
CSF, Blood vessels
pia layers
epipia
pia intima
visceral sympathetic senses
pain, temp
visceral parasympathetic senses
touch/pressure/distension/chemicals
A alpha
axon diameter
12-20
A alpha
Group 1
conduction velocity
70-120 m/s
A alpha
Group 1
modality
- some fastadapting tactile receptors
- discrimination touch
- Axons of Annulospiral (primary)
- Stretch endings
- Axons of Golgi Tendon Organs
A beta
A gamma
Group 2
axon diameter
6-12
A beta
A gamma
Group 2
conduction velocity
30-70 m/s
A beta
A gamma
Group 2
modality
most slowly adapting tactile receptors
(light touch
Axons with flower spray endings
secondary stretch endings
A delta
axon diameter
1-5
A delta
Group 3
conduction velocity
5-30 m/s
A delta
Group 3
modality
fast pricking pain
temperature: cold
B axon
axon diameter
1-3
B axon
conduction velocity
3-15 m/s
B axon
modality
Autonomic Nervous System-
Preganglionic=efferent
Afferent
C axon
group 3
axon diameter
.2-1.5
C axon
group 3
key characteristic
can be unmyelinated
C axon
group 3
conduction velocity
.5-2 m/s
C axon
group 3
modality
Pain- Slow Burning (not due to heat)
Temperature-Heat
Autonomic Nervous System-
Post ganglionic—efferent (non-myelinated)
Arachnoid Granulations AKA
Pachionian bodies
CSF synthesis
500-750 mL
CSF estimated vol
140 mL
L1-L2
Conus Meduallris
end of spinal cord
Openings from 4th ventricle to cisterna
Median foreamen=cisterna magnum
foreamen of Lushka (2) Lateral Foramina
Pontine Cisterna
narrowing of the cerebral aquaduct =
aquaduct stenosis
What anchors the cord to dura?
dentriculate ligaments
how many pairs of dentriculate ligaments
18-24
3 components of lumbar cisterna
- CSF
- Cauda Equina
- Filum Terminale
Dura attachments
- inner surface of IVF
- coccygeal ligament to coccyx
- posterior surface dorsal of C1-C2
- Ring Like attachment to inner surface of foramen magnum
purpose of coccygeal ligament
anchors dura to coccyx
lateral ventricles
telencephalon
third ventricle
diencephalon
cerebral aquaduct (Sylvius)
mesencephalon
fourth ventricle
pons + medulla
central canal
spinal cord
choroid plexus lines the walls of
lateral ventricles
roof of 3rd ventricle
and some on roof of 4th ventricle (rhomboid fossa)
2 ways to produce CSF
filter blood for CSF
build CSF from water
ECF composition
interstital
lymphatic
plasma
CSF
What is between the thalamus and hypothalamus?
sulcus limitans
what surrounds the pineal gland
pineal recess
suprapineal recess
functions of CSF
nutrtion
removal of waste
shock absorbtion
bouyancy
filum terminale
end of pia intima and attaches to conus medulare
brain weighs ___g while floating
50
nucleus reunions is within
massa intermedia
choroid plexus is united by in the lateral and third ventrcles
interventricular foreamen
cisterna
enlargements in subarchnoid space
name the cisternas
superior cisterna (Ambiens) chiasmatic cisterna interpedunkle cisterna pontine cistern cisterna magnum (cerebellar medullary)
cisterna locations
superior cistern (Ambiens)-superior +inferior colliculus
chiasmatic cisterna-anterior to the optic chiasm
interpedunkle cistern-inferior to the optic chiasm, anterior to midbrain, superior to pons
pontine cistern-anteriorto pons and medulla
cisterna magnum- inferior to cerebellum, posterior to medulla
Lateral Horn
T1-L2
preganglionic sympathetic motor neuron comes from
lamina 7
lateral horn
somatic alpha motor neuron is located in
lamina 9
preganglionic sympathetic motor neuron is what type of axon
B
preganglionic sympathetic motor neuron travels to what ganglion
paravertebral
preganglionic sympathetic motor neuron travels through what rami
ventral
white (ramus communicans)
postganglionic sympathetic motor neuron is a _ _ _ neuron
GVE
postganglionic sympathetic motor neuron is what type of axon
C
postganglionic sympathetic motor neuron has what diameter
.2-1.5
postganglionic sympathetic motor neuron travels to innervate
bone marrow
piloerector
surface blood vessels (arteriole)
sweat glands
sympathetic innervation of bone marrow does what?
stimulates release of immune cells
temporarily shuts down immune production after immediate response
Ach
Acetylcholine
cholenergic neuron
General Somatic Efferent
adrenergic neuron
General visceral efferent
postganglionic chain ganglion distribution
T12 to L3-L4
L1 to L4-L5
L2 to S1 etc
What innervates cervical general visceral
T1-T2
How many chain ganglions are in the different regins of the spine?
cervical-3
thoracic-12
lumbar-4 (1 is missing, but not always from the same segment)
sacral-3-4
Why is the sacrum odd in regards to chain ganglia?
Because of the ganglion impar at the inferior of the sacrum.
When the inferior cervical ganglion and T1 chain ganglion fuse what is the title?
stellate or cervicothoraco ganglion.
What cervical ganglion is a small anomaly?
vertebral—aprox. 10%
Superior Cervical Ganglion recieves GVE from where?
T1-T2
Superior cervical ganglion distributes postganglionic axons to where?
- spinal nerves C1-C4—piloerectors, blood vessles, sweat glands
- laryngeal plexus (larynx/pharynx, bl. vessles)
- superior cervical cardiac nerve—-sa node, atria, ventricles
- internal and external carotid plexus
superior cervical cardiac nerve does what 3 things
- sa node to increase heart rate
- increase strength of heart beat (blood volume pumped)
- constricts coronary arteries (auto dilation reflex)
External carotid plexus functions
submandibular and parotid innervation
Internal corotid plexus innervation
lacrimal gland
dilator papilla
Middle cervical ganglion
- spinal nerves C4-C6
- Middle cardiac nerve
- ansa subclavia
inferior cervical ganglion
- spinal nerves C6-C8
- inferior cardiac nerve
- pulmonary plexus
- vertebral artery plexus
Greater Splachnic Nerve
T5-T9
Lesser Splachnic Nerve
T10-T11
Least Splachnic Nerve
T12
Upper Lumbar Splanchnic Nerve
L1-L2
Middle Lumbar Splachnic Nerve
L2-L3
Lower Lumbar Splachnic nerve
L3-L4
How do you label a splacnic nerve?
based on which chain ganglion it exits from
Sacral (pelvic)
S2-S4
What are T1-4 sympathetic nerves named?
thoracic cardiac splanchnic nerves
Splanchnic nerves contain-
GVE
GVA
3 primary plexes
- Celiac
- Sup. hypogastric
- inferior hypogastric
celiac plexus
recieves ___ splanchnic nerves
5 (greater thru middle lumbar)
Celiac plexus has ____ secondary plexes
10 phrenic hepatic l. gastric splenic suprarenal renal test/ovarian sup. mesenteric abdom. aortic inferior mesenteric
Superior hypogastric AKA
presacral nerve
Inferior hypogastric AKA
Pelvic plexus
Inferior hypogastric
recieves contributions from
superior hypogastric plexus
sacral splanchnic
pelvic splachnic
Inferior hypogastric
____ secondary plexes
3
middle rectal
vesical
prostatic/uterovaginal
Which splachnic is parasympathetic?
Pelvic
Hepatic plexus
tertiary plexes
6 hepatic cystic r. gastric gastroduodena R. gastro-omental Sup. Pancreatico-duodenal
What is special about the medulla of the suprarenal gland?
displaced sympathetic chain ganglion (it is made of post-ganglionic neurons)
Where is sperm stored?
Sympathetic controls
ductus deferens
ejaculation
Sup. Mesenteric plexus
tertiary plexes
5 pancreas jejunum & ileum ileocecal region R. colic (ascending colon) middle colic (proximal TC to Left colic flexure)
Inf. Mesenteric
tertiary plexes
2
L. colic ( Left colic flexure to end of sigmoid colon)
Sup. Rectal Plexus
Parasympathetic NS
called
caniosacral division
Parasym cranial nerves
3,7,9,10
Sacral para symp
lamina VII of S2-S4
Sympathetic has ____pre-ganglionic axons
short
long post-ganglionic
Sympathetic releases what post-synapse
NE
parasymp realeases what post-synapse
ACh
Sympathetic ganglia AKA
para & pre vertebral
Parasymp ganglia AKA
terminal and intramural
One exception to sympathetic post-ganglionic chemical release
sweat glands (ACh)
what is the reticular formation?
brainstem’s core of gray matter
central gray
core of the reticular formation
periaqueductal gray=
central gray that surrounds the cerebral aquaduct
red nucleus
why red?
high levels of Fe+
red nucleus
2 parts
pars parvicellularis (small cells) pars magnocellularis (large cells)
Substantia nigra contains what cells to color it
melanocytes
Substantia nigra
2 parts
pars compacta (dopamine) pars reticularis
ventral tegmental area (VTA)
extension of pars compacta (has dopamine)
cerebral peduncles location
ventral to substantia nigra
basis pedunculi
crus cerebri
Cranial Nerve 3
contains ___ nuclei
7 DM EW 1 for each extrinsic m (4) levator palpebra sup.
Dorsomedial nucleus sends to
ciliary body
Edinger Westphal nucleus sends to
constrictor pupillae
Cranial Nerve 3
where do parasymp pre-synaptic travel to?
ciliary ganglion—short ciliary nerves w/ sympathetic nerve from T1-2 IMLs (superior cervical ganglion
Cranial Nerve 7
contains cell bodies from what nuclei
facial nucleus
sup. salivatory nucleus
Cranial Nerve 7
Facial nucleus
located where
pons
Cranial Nerve 7
facial nucleus sends visceral axons where?
stapedius
muscles of fascial expression
Cranial Nerve 7
facial nucleus axon is classified as
SVE
Cranial Nerve 7
N. to Stapedius is responsible for?
attenuation reflex
sound moderation
Cranial Nerve 7
damage results in
Bell’s palsy
hyperacusis
hyperacusis=
all sounds are percieved as being loud
Cranial Nerve 7
Sup. Salivatory nucleus
location
pons
Cranial Nerve 7 Sup. Salivatory nucleus Sends out 2 axons 1 joins \_\_\_\_\_ 1 joins \_\_\_\_
greater superficial petrosal nerve
chorda tympani
Cranial Nerve 7
Sup. Salivatory nucleus
greater sup. petrosal n becomes
vidian n. (after being joined by sympathetic)
Cranial Nerve 7
Sup. Salivatory nucleus
is actually 2 nuclei, what is the other
lacrimal
Cranial Nerve 7
Nucleus of tractus solitarius
location
medulla
Cranial Nerve 7
Nucleus of tractus solitarius recieves what fiber, from where?
SVA fibers from anterior 2/3 of tounge
Cranial Nerve 7
Geniculate ganglion
does synapsing occur here?
no, all axons pass through here
Cranial Nerve 7
Geniculate ganglion
is equivalent to
DRG in spinal nerve (sensory)
Cranial Nerve 7
Chorda Tympani
contains what fibers
SVA (taste) and GVE parasymp to salivary glands
What is croc-tear syndrome?
damage to GVE components, criss crossing of regenerated axons. this causes mixed signals between crying and drooling
Cranial Nerve 9
contains what fibers
GVE
SVA
Cranial Nerve 9
Inf. Salivatory nucleus
location
medulla
Cranial Nerve 9
Inf. Salivatory nucleus
what kind of cell bodies?
parasympathetic
Cranial Nerve 9
Inf. Salivatory nucleus
axons pass through what ganglion?
inferior ganglion on 9
Cranial Nerve 9
Inf. Salivatory nucleus
after going to the ganglion what happens?
splits into tympanic plexus, reforms and contiues as lesse superficial petrosal n
Cranial Nerve 9
Inf. Salivatory nucleus
the lesser superficial petrosal synapses at what terminal ganglion?
otic, then to parotid gland
Cranial Nerve 9
SVA comes from and goes to
posterior 1/3 of tounge—-inferior ganglion of 9—–terminates in tractus solitarius
Cranial Nerve 10
contains what fibers?
GVE(para)
GVA(para)
SVA
What is the general visceral cell column?
superior &inferior salivatory nuclei
dorsal motor nucleus of 10
Cranial Nerve 10
dorsal motor nucleus of 10
sends GVE fibers to what kind of ganglion?
intramural
Cranial Nerve 10
dorsal motor nucleus of 10
provides para innervation from where to where?
pharynx
L. colic flexure
Cranial Nerve 10
dorsal motor nucleus of 10
exception to innervation
heart (nucleus ambiguuns)
Cranial Nerve 10
nucleus ambiguuns
sends para GVE fibers to
intramural ganglia in the wall of heart
Cranial Nerve 10
inferior ganglion of 10
AKA
nodose ganglion
Cranial Nerve 10
inferior ganglion of 10
function
sensory ganglion for SVA fibers (epiglottis)
sensory for GVA from wall of intestines
NO SYNAPSING IN THIS GANGLION
Cranial Nerve 10
what happens in nucleus solitarius?
all visceral fibers terminate here
SVA in superior (gustatory portion)
Sacral parasympathetic
AKA
Nervi erigentes
pelvic splanchnic nerves
Sacral parasympathetic
uses what ganglions?
intramural
fasicle
group of axons of similar size
axonlemma
= to cell membrane of neuron
endoneurium
surrounds all neurons no matter the size
perineurium
around each fascicle
perineurium is continuous with
pia/arachnoid mater
epineurium
surrounds entire nerve
epineurium is continuous with
dura mater
