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Anatomy > Neuro 1 final > Flashcards

Neuro 1 final Flashcards

1
Q

Golgi Tendon Organ

A

detects amount of tension in the tendon

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2
Q

Are there sesory in the CNS?

A

no, only interneurons

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3
Q

spaces between myelin

A

nodes of ranvier

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4
Q

myelin is made of

A

lipids

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5
Q

increased thicknes and length of myelinated axons =

A

increased speed

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6
Q

Axons regenerate in the

A

PNS

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7
Q

Do axons regenerate in the CNS

A

no

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8
Q

myelin portions vary from

A

100-1000 um

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9
Q

neurolema=

A

tube surrounding axon

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10
Q

oligodendrocyte myelin has

regeneration factors

A

no facilitating factors

inhibit regeneration

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11
Q

schwann cells

A

wrap axons in phosholipids

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12
Q

inner layer is

A

very dark

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13
Q

how many layers of inner layer per major dense line

A

2

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14
Q

outer layer

A

very dark

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15
Q

how many outer layers per intraperiod line

A

2

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16
Q

1 period=

A

1 myelin layer

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17
Q

how many layers of myelin are typical?

A

20-23

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18
Q

when is an axon labeled myelinated?

A

after 8 layers

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19
Q

one shwann cell is responsible for _____ axons

A

several

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20
Q

is an axon myelinated by one schwann cell?

A

no, several

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21
Q

What happens during MS?

A

antibodies attack an axon leading to demyelination

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22
Q

ectoderm=

mesoderm=

A

somatic
or
voluntary

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23
Q

endoderm=

A

visceral
or
autonomic

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24
Q

biofeedback

A

is a process that enables an individual to learn how to change physiological activity for the purposes of improving health and performance.

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25
Q

somatic

A

general-G

Special-S

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26
Q

visceral

A

General-G

Special-S

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27
Q

Somatic-General

A

Afferent

Efferent

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28
Q

Somatic-Special

A

Afferent

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29
Q

Visceral-General

AKA Autonomic

A

symapthetic

parasympathetic-enteric

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30
Q

Visceral-Special-Afferent

A

sight, taste, vestibular, smell, hearing

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31
Q

Visceral-Special-Afferent

does not include

A

touch, pain, temp

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32
Q

vestibular apparatus responsible for

A

location of the head in space

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33
Q

pheromones

A

chemical receptors that will not effect olfactory centers

smell is not a pheromone

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34
Q

vomernasal organ

A

recieves pheromones

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35
Q

oxytosin

A

neurotransmitter and pheromone

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36
Q

“the social hormone”

A

oxytosin

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37
Q

visceral-general-sympathetic

A

afferent

efferent

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38
Q

Visceral-general-para

A

afferent

efferent

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39
Q

Visceral-general-sympathetic

responsible for

A

emotional arousal

mobilizing body for emergency

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40
Q

Are there different levels of sympathetic tone?

A

no

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41
Q

Visceral-general-para

responsable for

A

relaxation

sexual arousal

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42
Q

Nitrous Oxide synthase

A

powerful vasodialator

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43
Q

Visceral-special-afferent

A

gestation

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44
Q

Visceral-special-efferent

A 
skeletal muscle
trapezius
SCM
m. of facial expression
          mastication
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45
Q

meninges

A

coverings of brain and cord

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46
Q

dura mater

A

tough mother (pachymeninge)

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47
Q

Arachnoid + Pia

A

Leptomeninges

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48
Q

Dura layers

A

periosteum
epidural
peiosteal dura
meningeal dura

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49
Q

Arachnoid layers

A

sub-dural (non-existant)
arachnoid
subarchnoid

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50
Q

subarachnoid contains

A

CSF, Blood vessels

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51
Q

pia layers

A

epipia

pia intima

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52
Q

visceral sympathetic senses

A

pain, temp

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53
Q

visceral parasympathetic senses

A

touch/pressure/distension/chemicals

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54
Q

A alpha

axon diameter

A

12-20

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55
Q

A alpha
Group 1
conduction velocity

A

70-120 m/s

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56
Q

A alpha
Group 1
modality

A
  1. some fastadapting tactile receptors
  2. discrimination touch
  3. Axons of Annulospiral (primary)
  4. Stretch endings
  5. Axons of Golgi Tendon Organs
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57
Q

A beta
A gamma
Group 2
axon diameter

A

6-12

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58
Q

A beta
A gamma
Group 2
conduction velocity

A

30-70 m/s

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59
Q

A beta
A gamma
Group 2
modality

A

most slowly adapting tactile receptors
(light touch

Axons with flower spray endings
secondary stretch endings

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60
Q

A delta

axon diameter

A

1-5

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61
Q

A delta
Group 3
conduction velocity

A

5-30 m/s

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62
Q

A delta
Group 3
modality

A

fast pricking pain

temperature: cold

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63
Q

B axon

axon diameter

A

1-3

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64
Q

B axon

conduction velocity

A

3-15 m/s

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65
Q

B axon

modality

A

Autonomic Nervous System-
Preganglionic=efferent

Afferent

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66
Q

C axon
group 3
axon diameter

A

.2-1.5

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67
Q

C axon
group 3
key characteristic

A

can be unmyelinated

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68
Q

C axon
group 3
conduction velocity

A

.5-2 m/s

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69
Q

C axon
group 3
modality

A

Pain- Slow Burning (not due to heat)

Temperature-Heat

Autonomic Nervous System-
Post ganglionic—efferent (non-myelinated)

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70
Q

Arachnoid Granulations AKA

A

Pachionian bodies

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71
Q

CSF synthesis

A

500-750 mL

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72
Q

CSF estimated vol

A

140 mL

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73
Q

L1-L2

A

Conus Meduallris

end of spinal cord

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74
Q

Openings from 4th ventricle to cisterna

A

Median foreamen=cisterna magnum

foreamen of Lushka (2) Lateral Foramina
Pontine Cisterna

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75
Q

narrowing of the cerebral aquaduct =

A

aquaduct stenosis

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76
Q

What anchors the cord to dura?

A

dentriculate ligaments

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77
Q

how many pairs of dentriculate ligaments

A

18-24

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78
Q

3 components of lumbar cisterna

A
  1. CSF
  2. Cauda Equina
  3. Filum Terminale
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79
Q

Dura attachments

A
  1. inner surface of IVF
  2. coccygeal ligament to coccyx
  3. posterior surface dorsal of C1-C2
  4. Ring Like attachment to inner surface of foramen magnum
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80
Q

purpose of coccygeal ligament

A

anchors dura to coccyx

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81
Q

lateral ventricles

A

telencephalon

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82
Q

third ventricle

A

diencephalon

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83
Q

cerebral aquaduct (Sylvius)

A

mesencephalon

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84
Q

fourth ventricle

A

pons + medulla

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85
Q

central canal

A

spinal cord

86
Q

choroid plexus lines the walls of

A

lateral ventricles
roof of 3rd ventricle
and some on roof of 4th ventricle (rhomboid fossa)

87
Q

2 ways to produce CSF

A

filter blood for CSF

build CSF from water

88
Q

ECF composition

A

interstital
lymphatic
plasma
CSF

89
Q

What is between the thalamus and hypothalamus?

A

sulcus limitans

90
Q

what surrounds the pineal gland

A

pineal recess

suprapineal recess

91
Q

functions of CSF

A

nutrtion
removal of waste
shock absorbtion
bouyancy

92
Q

filum terminale

A

end of pia intima and attaches to conus medulare

93
Q

brain weighs ___g while floating

A

50

94
Q

nucleus reunions is within

A

massa intermedia

95
Q

choroid plexus is united by in the lateral and third ventrcles

A

interventricular foreamen

96
Q

cisterna

A

enlargements in subarchnoid space

97
Q

name the cisternas

A 
superior cisterna (Ambiens)
chiasmatic cisterna
interpedunkle cisterna
pontine cistern
cisterna magnum (cerebellar medullary)
98
Q

cisterna locations

A

superior cistern (Ambiens)-superior +inferior colliculus

chiasmatic cisterna-anterior to the optic chiasm

interpedunkle cistern-inferior to the optic chiasm, anterior to midbrain, superior to pons

pontine cistern-anteriorto pons and medulla

cisterna magnum- inferior to cerebellum, posterior to medulla

99
Q

Lateral Horn

A

T1-L2

100
Q

preganglionic sympathetic motor neuron comes from

A

lamina 7

lateral horn

101
Q

somatic alpha motor neuron is located in

A

lamina 9

102
Q

preganglionic sympathetic motor neuron is what type of axon

A

B

103
Q

preganglionic sympathetic motor neuron travels to what ganglion

A

paravertebral

104
Q

preganglionic sympathetic motor neuron travels through what rami

A

ventral

white (ramus communicans)

105
Q

postganglionic sympathetic motor neuron is a _ _ _ neuron

A

GVE

106
Q

postganglionic sympathetic motor neuron is what type of axon

A

C

107
Q

postganglionic sympathetic motor neuron has what diameter

A

.2-1.5

108
Q

postganglionic sympathetic motor neuron travels to innervate

A

bone marrow
piloerector
surface blood vessels (arteriole)
sweat glands

109
Q

sympathetic innervation of bone marrow does what?

A

stimulates release of immune cells

temporarily shuts down immune production after immediate response

110
Q

Ach

A

Acetylcholine

111
Q

cholenergic neuron

A

General Somatic Efferent

112
Q

adrenergic neuron

A

General visceral efferent

113
Q

postganglionic chain ganglion distribution

A

T12 to L3-L4
L1 to L4-L5
L2 to S1 etc

114
Q

What innervates cervical general visceral

A

T1-T2

115
Q

How many chain ganglions are in the different regins of the spine?

A

cervical-3
thoracic-12
lumbar-4 (1 is missing, but not always from the same segment)

sacral-3-4

116
Q

Why is the sacrum odd in regards to chain ganglia?

A

Because of the ganglion impar at the inferior of the sacrum.

117
Q

When the inferior cervical ganglion and T1 chain ganglion fuse what is the title?

A

stellate or cervicothoraco ganglion.

118
Q

What cervical ganglion is a small anomaly?

A

vertebral—aprox. 10%

119
Q

Superior Cervical Ganglion recieves GVE from where?

A

T1-T2

120
Q

Superior cervical ganglion distributes postganglionic axons to where?

A
  1. spinal nerves C1-C4—piloerectors, blood vessles, sweat glands
  2. laryngeal plexus (larynx/pharynx, bl. vessles)
  3. superior cervical cardiac nerve—-sa node, atria, ventricles
  4. internal and external carotid plexus
121
Q

superior cervical cardiac nerve does what 3 things

A
  1. sa node to increase heart rate
  2. increase strength of heart beat (blood volume pumped)
  3. constricts coronary arteries (auto dilation reflex)
122
Q

External carotid plexus functions

A

submandibular and parotid innervation

123
Q

Internal corotid plexus innervation

A

lacrimal gland

dilator papilla

124
Q

Middle cervical ganglion

A
  1. spinal nerves C4-C6
  2. Middle cardiac nerve
  3. ansa subclavia
125
Q

inferior cervical ganglion

A
  1. spinal nerves C6-C8
  2. inferior cardiac nerve
  3. pulmonary plexus
  4. vertebral artery plexus
126
Q

Greater Splachnic Nerve

A

T5-T9

127
Q

Lesser Splachnic Nerve

A

T10-T11

128
Q

Least Splachnic Nerve

A

T12

129
Q

Upper Lumbar Splanchnic Nerve

A

L1-L2

130
Q

Middle Lumbar Splachnic Nerve

A

L2-L3

131
Q

Lower Lumbar Splachnic nerve

A

L3-L4

132
Q

How do you label a splacnic nerve?

A

based on which chain ganglion it exits from

133
Q

Sacral (pelvic)

A

S2-S4

134
Q

What are T1-4 sympathetic nerves named?

A

thoracic cardiac splanchnic nerves

135
Q

Splanchnic nerves contain-

A

GVE

GVA

136
Q

3 primary plexes

A
  1. Celiac
  2. Sup. hypogastric
  3. inferior hypogastric
137
Q

celiac plexus

recieves ___ splanchnic nerves

A

5 (greater thru middle lumbar)

138
Q

Celiac plexus has ____ secondary plexes

A 
10
phrenic
hepatic
l. gastric
splenic
suprarenal
renal
test/ovarian
sup. mesenteric
abdom. aortic
inferior mesenteric
139
Q

Superior hypogastric AKA

A

presacral nerve

140
Q

Inferior hypogastric AKA

A

Pelvic plexus

141
Q

Inferior hypogastric

recieves contributions from

A

superior hypogastric plexus
sacral splanchnic
pelvic splachnic

142
Q

Inferior hypogastric

____ secondary plexes

A

3
middle rectal
vesical
prostatic/uterovaginal

143
Q

Which splachnic is parasympathetic?

A

Pelvic

144
Q

Hepatic plexus

tertiary plexes

A 
6
hepatic
cystic
r. gastric
gastroduodena
R. gastro-omental
Sup. Pancreatico-duodenal
145
Q

What is special about the medulla of the suprarenal gland?

A

displaced sympathetic chain ganglion (it is made of post-ganglionic neurons)

146
Q

Where is sperm stored?

Sympathetic controls

A

ductus deferens

ejaculation

147
Q

Sup. Mesenteric plexus

tertiary plexes

A 
5
pancreas
jejunum & ileum
ileocecal region
R. colic (ascending colon)
middle colic (proximal TC to Left colic flexure)
148
Q

Inf. Mesenteric

tertiary plexes

A

2
L. colic ( Left colic flexure to end of sigmoid colon)
Sup. Rectal Plexus

149
Q

Parasympathetic NS

called

A

caniosacral division

150
Q

Parasym cranial nerves

A

3,7,9,10

151
Q

Sacral para symp

A

lamina VII of S2-S4

152
Q

Sympathetic has ____pre-ganglionic axons

A

short

long post-ganglionic

153
Q

Sympathetic releases what post-synapse

A

NE

154
Q

parasymp realeases what post-synapse

A

ACh

155
Q

Sympathetic ganglia AKA

A

para & pre vertebral

156
Q

Parasymp ganglia AKA

A

terminal and intramural

157
Q

One exception to sympathetic post-ganglionic chemical release

A

sweat glands (ACh)

158
Q

what is the reticular formation?

A

brainstem’s core of gray matter

159
Q

central gray

A

core of the reticular formation

160
Q

periaqueductal gray=

A

central gray that surrounds the cerebral aquaduct

161
Q

red nucleus

why red?

A

high levels of Fe+

162
Q

red nucleus

2 parts

A 
pars parvicellularis (small cells)
pars magnocellularis (large cells)
163
Q

Substantia nigra contains what cells to color it

A

melanocytes

164
Q

Substantia nigra

2 parts

A 
pars compacta (dopamine)
pars reticularis
165
Q

ventral tegmental area (VTA)

A

extension of pars compacta (has dopamine)

166
Q

cerebral peduncles location

A

ventral to substantia nigra

basis pedunculi
crus cerebri

167
Q

Cranial Nerve 3

contains ___ nuclei

A 
7
DM
EW
1 for each extrinsic m (4)
levator palpebra sup.
168
Q

Dorsomedial nucleus sends to

A

ciliary body

169
Q

Edinger Westphal nucleus sends to

A

constrictor pupillae

170
Q

Cranial Nerve 3

where do parasymp pre-synaptic travel to?

A

ciliary ganglion—short ciliary nerves w/ sympathetic nerve from T1-2 IMLs (superior cervical ganglion

171
Q

Cranial Nerve 7

contains cell bodies from what nuclei

A

facial nucleus

sup. salivatory nucleus

172
Q

Cranial Nerve 7
Facial nucleus
located where

A

pons

173
Q

Cranial Nerve 7

facial nucleus sends visceral axons where?

A

stapedius

muscles of fascial expression

174
Q

Cranial Nerve 7

facial nucleus axon is classified as

A

SVE

175
Q

Cranial Nerve 7

N. to Stapedius is responsible for?

A

attenuation reflex

sound moderation

176
Q

Cranial Nerve 7

damage results in

A

Bell’s palsy

hyperacusis

177
Q

hyperacusis=

A

all sounds are percieved as being loud

178
Q

Cranial Nerve 7
Sup. Salivatory nucleus
location

A

pons

179
Q 
Cranial Nerve 7
Sup. Salivatory nucleus
Sends out 2 axons
1 joins \_\_\_\_\_
1 joins \_\_\_\_
A

greater superficial petrosal nerve

chorda tympani

180
Q

Cranial Nerve 7
Sup. Salivatory nucleus
greater sup. petrosal n becomes

A

vidian n. (after being joined by sympathetic)

181
Q

Cranial Nerve 7
Sup. Salivatory nucleus
is actually 2 nuclei, what is the other

A

lacrimal

182
Q

Cranial Nerve 7
Nucleus of tractus solitarius
location

A

medulla

183
Q

Cranial Nerve 7

Nucleus of tractus solitarius recieves what fiber, from where?

A

SVA fibers from anterior 2/3 of tounge

184
Q

Cranial Nerve 7
Geniculate ganglion
does synapsing occur here?

A

no, all axons pass through here

185
Q

Cranial Nerve 7
Geniculate ganglion
is equivalent to

A

DRG in spinal nerve (sensory)

186
Q

Cranial Nerve 7
Chorda Tympani
contains what fibers

A

SVA (taste) and GVE parasymp to salivary glands

187
Q

What is croc-tear syndrome?

A

damage to GVE components, criss crossing of regenerated axons. this causes mixed signals between crying and drooling

188
Q

Cranial Nerve 9

contains what fibers

A

GVE

SVA

189
Q

Cranial Nerve 9
Inf. Salivatory nucleus
location

A

medulla

190
Q

Cranial Nerve 9
Inf. Salivatory nucleus
what kind of cell bodies?

A

parasympathetic

191
Q

Cranial Nerve 9
Inf. Salivatory nucleus
axons pass through what ganglion?

A

inferior ganglion on 9

192
Q

Cranial Nerve 9
Inf. Salivatory nucleus
after going to the ganglion what happens?

A

splits into tympanic plexus, reforms and contiues as lesse superficial petrosal n

193
Q

Cranial Nerve 9
Inf. Salivatory nucleus
the lesser superficial petrosal synapses at what terminal ganglion?

A

otic, then to parotid gland

194
Q

Cranial Nerve 9

SVA comes from and goes to

A

posterior 1/3 of tounge—-inferior ganglion of 9—–terminates in tractus solitarius

195
Q

Cranial Nerve 10

contains what fibers?

A

GVE(para)
GVA(para)
SVA

196
Q

What is the general visceral cell column?

A

superior &inferior salivatory nuclei

dorsal motor nucleus of 10

197
Q

Cranial Nerve 10
dorsal motor nucleus of 10
sends GVE fibers to what kind of ganglion?

A

intramural

198
Q

Cranial Nerve 10
dorsal motor nucleus of 10
provides para innervation from where to where?

A

pharynx

L. colic flexure

199
Q

Cranial Nerve 10
dorsal motor nucleus of 10
exception to innervation

A

heart (nucleus ambiguuns)

200
Q

Cranial Nerve 10
nucleus ambiguuns
sends para GVE fibers to

A

intramural ganglia in the wall of heart

201
Q

Cranial Nerve 10
inferior ganglion of 10
AKA

A

nodose ganglion

202
Q

Cranial Nerve 10
inferior ganglion of 10
function

A

sensory ganglion for SVA fibers (epiglottis)
sensory for GVA from wall of intestines

NO SYNAPSING IN THIS GANGLION

203
Q

Cranial Nerve 10

what happens in nucleus solitarius?

A

all visceral fibers terminate here

SVA in superior (gustatory portion)

204
Q

Sacral parasympathetic

AKA

A

Nervi erigentes

pelvic splanchnic nerves

205
Q

Sacral parasympathetic

uses what ganglions?

A

intramural

206
Q

fasicle

A

group of axons of similar size

207
Q

axonlemma

A

= to cell membrane of neuron

208
Q

endoneurium

A

surrounds all neurons no matter the size

209
Q

perineurium

A

around each fascicle

210
Q

perineurium is continuous with

A

pia/arachnoid mater

211
Q

epineurium

A

surrounds entire nerve

212
Q

epineurium is continuous with

A

dura mater

Anatomy (22 decks)

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