Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy > neuro 2 midterm > Flashcards

neuro 2 midterm Flashcards

1
Q

CN 1

terminates in

A

olfactory bulb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

CN 1

fibers

A

SSA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

CN 2

terminates in

A

hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

CN 2

fibers

A

SSA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

CN 3

innervates

A

sup/med/inf rectus and inf oblique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

CN 3

fibers

A

GVE & GSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

CN 4

innervates

A

superior oblique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

CN 4

special

A

right controls left muscle and vice versa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

CN 4

fibers

A

GSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Mesencephalic nerves

A

CN 3 & 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Metencephalic nerves

A

CN 5, 6, 7, 8

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Mylencephalic nerves

A

CN 9, 10, 11, 12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

CN 5

sensory ganglion

A

semilunar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

CN 5

fibers

A

GSA & SVE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

CN 6

innervates

A

lateral rectus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

CN 6

fibers

A

GSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

CN 7

from & sensory ganglion

A 
facial nucleus (pons)
geniculate ganglion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

CN 7

fibers

A

GVE & SVA & SVE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

CN 8

2 nerves

A

vestibular & cochlear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

CN 8

cell bodies

A

bipolar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

CN 8

fibers

A

SSA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q 
CN 8
# of vestibular ganglia
A

2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q 
CN 8
# of cochlear ganglia
A

1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

CN 9

from & innervates

A

inferior salivatory nucleus

parotid gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

CN 9

fibers

A

GVE & SVA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

CN 10

from

A

dorsal motor nucleus of 10 to guts

nucleus ambiguus to heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

CN 10

temporarily joined by

A

cranial portion of CN 11

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

CN 10 fibers

A

GVE + SVA + GVA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

CN 11

divisions and destinations

A

cranial—-pharynx, larynx, upper esophagus

spinal—– trapezius, SCM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

CN 11

cranial part AKA after union with ten

A

recurrent laryngeal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

CN 11

origin of divisions

A

cranial—-nucleus ambiguus

spinal—-laminae 9 of C1-4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

CN 12

from and destination

A

hypoglossal nucleus

tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

CN 12

fibers

A

GSE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

CN 9, 10, 11

exit from

A

jugular foreamen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Does CN 1 have any ganglion cells?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

HOw many axons per side does CN 1 contain?

A

5 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How many axons does CN 2 have per side?

A

900k-1.2 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

How many axons does CN 8 have per side?

A

70k

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Semilunar ganglion AKA

A

gasser/ trigeminal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Sup vestibular + inf vestibular AKA

A

ganglion of Scarpa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

CN 9 superior ganglion AKA

A

jugular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

CN 9 inferior ganglion AKA

A

petrosal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

CN 10 superior ganglion

A

jugular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

CN 10 inferior ganglion AKA

A

nodose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

CN 8 cochlear ganglion AKA

A

spiral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

decussation

A

crossing over of axons up and down

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

commissure

A

crossing over of axons left to right

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Corticospinal tract

AKA

A

pyramidal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Corticospinal tract

axons per side

A

1 million

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Corticospinal tract

axons are from

A

pyramidal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

Corticospinal tract

axons clump together to form

A

medullary pyramid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

Corticospinal tract

criss-cross before spinal cord

A

pyramidal decussation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

DCs name and meaning of DC

A

name-fasiculus gracilis and cuneatus

meaning- dorsal columns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

fasiculus is a group of axons between a _________ and a _______ (in terms of compactness)

A

bundle and tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

DCNs name and meaning of DCN

A

name- nuclei gracilis and cuneatus

meaning- Dorsal Column Nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

DCNs

what terminates and synapses

A

the DCs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

nucleus of tractus solitarius

divisions (general)

A

superior
middle
inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

Inferior olive

cell bodies

A

(gray matter)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

Inferior olive

afferents

A

1 ML
2 Spinal olivary tract
3 Trigeminal-Olivary tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

Inferior olive

efferents

A
  1. olivocerebeller tract
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

Inferior olive

surrounded by

A

amiculum oliva

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

Inferior olive

ML sensation sensed

A

discrimination touch
pressure
proprioception
FROM BODY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

Inferior olive
Spinal-olivary tract
brings in what sensation

A

pain
temperature
light touch
FROM BODY

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

Inferior olive

trigeminal-olivary tract

A

all types of reception

FROM FACE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

Inferior olive
olivocerebellar tract
travels via

A

inferior cerebellar pedunkle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

Inferior olive

is a _______ ______ _______ to the cerebellum

A

somatic sensory relay

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

What are the cell bodies of the DCs?

A

the DRG of C1-T6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

Where do the DCs occupy?

A

dorsal funiculus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

Fasiculus gracilis

shape

A

slender, and medial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

Fasiculus cuneatus

shape

A

wedge, more lateral w/ more axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

What do the DCs become superiorly?

A

DCNs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

What do the DCNs become superiorly?

A

Medial Lemniscus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
73
Q

Where are the DCNs found?

A

inferior medulla

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
74
Q

Where does the ML descussation happen?

A

midline inferior to inferior olive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
75
Q

nucleus of tractus solitarius

gustatory nucleus location and afferents

A

superior
1 geniculate
2 petrosal
3 nodose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
76
Q

nucleus of tractus solitarius

gustatory nucleus fibers

A

SVA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
77
Q

nucleus of tractus solitarius

middle part contents (nuclei)

A

dorsal respiratory nucleus

baroreceptor nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
78
Q

nucleus of tractus solitarius

what fibers enter the middle part and continue to the dorsal respiratory nucleus?

A

GVA parasympathetic fibers from the carotid bodies (CN 9) petrosal ganglion

GVA parasympathetic fibers from the Aortic Bodies (CN 10) nodose ganglion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
79
Q

2 major centers of respiratory control not in tractus solitarius

A
  1. Nucleus parabrachialis (pons)

2. Pre-Boetzinger complex (medulla)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
80
Q

Nucleus parabrachialis is the

A

pneumotaxic center

sets interval between inhalation and exhalation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
81
Q

Pre-Boetzinger complex is the

A

respiratory pattern generator

neurons of phrenic nucleus (lamina 9 of C3-C5) causes contraction of diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
82
Q

nucleus of tractus solitarius

baroreceptors

A

Carotid sinus

aortic sinus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
83
Q

nucleus of tractus solitarius

Carotid sinus and aortic sinus fibers

A

GVA parasympathetic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
84
Q

nucleus of tractus solitarius

Carotid sinus axon destination

A

petrosal ganglion——->baroreceptor nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
85
Q

nucleus of tractus solitarius

aortic sinus destination

A

nodose ganglion—–>baroreceptor nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
86
Q

How does BP increase along this pathway?

A

GVE fibers from solitaryspinal tract to reach T1-L2 lateral horns—–>3 cervical sympathetic ganglia——>to heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
87
Q

nucleus of tractus solitarius
visceral nucleus
location

A

inferior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
88
Q

nucleus of tractus solitarius
visceral nucleus
fibers from where?

A

GVA from guts/ organs

touch, pressure, distension, chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
89
Q

nucleus of tractus solitarius
visceral nucleus
what detects the distension signal from the guts?

A

CN 10

GVE fibers from dorsal motor nucleus of 10 to induce motility and secretions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
90
Q

the core of the brainstem =

A

reticular formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
91
Q

what is the RAS?

A

the areas of the reticular formation that are provoked to keep you awake

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
92
Q

dorsal motor nucleus of 10

sends ___ fibers to all viscera up to the _____ _______ ______ except the heart

A

GVE

left colic flexure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
93
Q

dorsal motor nucleus of 10

uses what kind of ganglion?

A

intramural

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
94
Q

Nucleus Ambiguus
rostral portion
fibers and destinations

A

SVE-CN 9——->stylopharyngeus

GVE-CN 10——->heart

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
95
Q

Nucleus Ambiguus
caudal portion
fibers and destination

A

SVE-CN 11 cranial division——->larynx/pharynx/upper esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
96
Q

Nucleus Ambiguus
central region
origin of fibers

A

oropharynx

CN 5, 9, 10

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
97
Q

Hypoglossal nucleus

fibers/destination

A

GSE—–>muscles of the tongue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
98
Q

How many vestibular nuclei?

A

4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
99
Q

What fibers do the vestibular nuclei recieve?

A

SSA from vestibular apparatus

100
Q

What is the vestibular apparatus?

A

utricle +saccule +semicircular canals (3)= bony labrynth

101
Q

What happens in the vestibular apparatus?

A

fluid moves around and moves hair cells, this is detected as “head position in space”

102
Q

How many vestibular ganglia?

A

2
superior & inferior (Scarpa)
bipolar cells

103
Q

How many cochlear nuclei?

A

3

104
Q

What fibers do the cochlear nuclei recieve?

A

SSA from spiral ganglion (bipolar cells)

105
Q

How many times do each of the 70k axons terminate in the cochlear nuclei?

A

3 (1 time in each nucleus)

106
Q

Does the ventral cochlear nuclei have two parts?

A

yes, anterior and posterior parts

107
Q

The facial nerve sends what fibers to the muscles of facial expression?

A

SVE

108
Q

What do the axons from the facial nucleus loop around? What does this form?

A
  1. abducens nucleus

2. genu of 7

109
Q

CN 6 sends what fibers where?

A

GSE to lateral rectus

110
Q

What is the largest CN?

A

5 trigeminal

111
Q

What are the nuclei of CN 5?

A
  1. Mesencephalic
  2. principal (main) sensory nucleus of 5
  3. motor nucleus of 5
  4. spinal nucleus of 5
112
Q

What is special about the mesencephalic nucleus of 5?

A

only nucleus in the brain with psudounipolar cells

113
Q

What does the mesencephalic nucleus of 5 recieve (sensation)?

A

muscle stretch from jaw

114
Q

What does the main nucleus of 5 detect?

A

touch (all kinds) + pressure from the face

115
Q

What does the motor nucleus of 5 detect?

A

proprioception from V3 (muscle stretch from the jaw)

116
Q

Where are the psuedounipolar cells for the motor nucleus of 5?

A

the mesencephalic nucleus of 5 (psuedounipolar cells)

117
Q

Where do the fibers from the motor nucleus go?

A

masseter (SVE) myotatic reflex

118
Q

The spinal tract of of 5 runs next to what?

A

spinal nucleus of 5

119
Q

What does the spinal nucleus of 5 receive?

A

sensory (GSA)

pain, temp, crude touch from face

120
Q

What brings in the signals to spinal nucleus of 5?

A

spinal tract of 5 (trigeminal tract)

121
Q

What are the three parts of the spinal nucleus?

A
  1. pars oralis
  2. pars interpolaris
  3. pars caudalus
122
Q

What parts of the spinal nucleus are part of the cornea blink relex?

A
  1. interpolaris

2. caudalis

123
Q

T or F

does the trigeminal tract run the distance of the medulla?

A

T

124
Q

Where does the trigeminal tract end inferiorly?

A

lamina 2 (S. gelatinosa)

125
Q

What does the spinal tract carries what sensations?

A

pain, temperature, crude touch

126
Q

What nucleus of 5 does not send axons to higher stations in the brain?

A

spinal nucleus

127
Q

What are the four types of reflexes?

A
  1. somatosomatic - muscle stretch
  2. somatovisceral- cornea- blink reflex
  3. viscerovisceral- stomach distension/ contraction
  4. viscerosomatic- stomachache/ rectus abdominus contraction
128
Q

What is the cornea blink reflex?

A

touch the cornea—>pars interpolaris & pars caudalis—–>blinking of both eyes

129
Q

Where is the peduculopontine nucleus found?

A

Upper pons

130
Q

What is the PPN part of?

A

the ascending chemical pathways of the brainstem

131
Q

The PPN sends axons where?

A

neocortex/ limbic system

132
Q

The PPN regulates what?

A

cortical activity and REM sleep

133
Q

The PPN releases what neurotransmitter?

A

ACh

134
Q

The locus ceruleus releases what neurotransmitter?

A

NE

135
Q

The dorsal raphe releases what neurotransmitter?

A

serotonin

136
Q

Where are the locus ceruleus and dorsal raphe both visible in cross section?

A

pontomesencephalic junction

137
Q

What is the core of the reticular formation known as?

A

central gray (when in pons or medulla)

138
Q

What is the narrow waistline at the pontomesencephalic junction known as?

A

isthmus

139
Q

What is the nucleus in the most ventral part of the midbrain at the midline?

A

interpeduncular nucleus

140
Q

The locus ceruleus and dorsal raphe are involved in? And are involved in these processes

A
  1. ascending chemical pathway of the brainstem

2. wakefulness & mood

141
Q

How many raphe are there?

A

7

142
Q

What neurotransmitter do all the raphe secrete?

A

serotonin

143
Q

The inferior raphe are named what?

A
  1. pallidus
  2. magnus
  3. obscurus
    (collectively raphespinal tracts)
144
Q

What do the raphespinal tracts do?

A

pain-gating

145
Q

The raphespinal tract terminates in

A

lamina 2 (S. gelatinosa)

146
Q

The superior raphe are named

A
  1. dorasal raphe

2. pontis

147
Q

In the same location as the PPN (upper pons) the _______ at the midbrain IC level and the _______ in the midbrain at SC?

A
  1. trochlear nucleus

2. oculomotor complex

148
Q

The red nucleus contains high what?

A

iron

149
Q

The red nucleus is directly ventral to what structure?

A

cerebral aquaduct

150
Q

The red nucleus has what two parts?

A
  1. pars parvicellularis

2. pars magnocellularis

151
Q

The pars magnocellularis sends axons to spinal cord via?

A

rubrospinal tract

152
Q

Substantis nigra has what two parts?

A
  1. compacta

2. reticularis

153
Q

What is the extension of pars compacta known as?

A

ventral tegmental area

154
Q

The VTA and pars compacta are part of what pathway?

A

ascending chemical pathway of the brainstem

155
Q

What type of neurotransmitter do the pars compacta and VTA secrete?

A

dopamine (dopenergic)

156
Q

The mesocortical pathway goes from where to where?

A

VTA—->neocortex

157
Q

The mesolimbic pathway goes from where to where?

A

VTA—->limbic system (especially nuclesu acumbins)

158
Q

Dopamine is involved in

A

reward/pleasure

159
Q

Stimulation of the VTA will flood what nucleus with dopamine?

A

acumbens

160
Q

Pars compacta sends axons to ______ _______ in the telencephalon

A

corpus striatum

161
Q

The pathway from the pars compacta to the corpus striatum is called

A

nigrastriatum pathway

162
Q

the nigrastiatum pathway is involved in

A

motor function

163
Q

How many degrees does the vision field overlap?

A

120

164
Q

Why do humans have 50% crossing of the optic tract axons?

A

The axons from the temporal retina do not cross at the chiasm

165
Q

What are the five places the optic tract terminate?

A
  1. Accessory optic nuclei
  2. Superior colliculus
  3. Suprachiasmatic nucleus
  4. Lateral Geniculate nucleus
  5. pre-tectal nucleus
166
Q

All the signals going to the primary visual cortex must stop where?

A

LG (thalamus)

167
Q

Optic tract axons terminating in the SC go to

A

striatum cinerum

168
Q

The superficial layers of the SC send axons to

A

the LG—–>area 17

169
Q

The deeper layers send axons to

A

the pulvinar nucleus (thalamus)—–>secondary visual cortex (areas 18,19)

170
Q

The superchiasmatic nucleus is in the

A

hypothalamus

171
Q

Signals from the optic tract that reach the SC nucleus eventually go to after first hitting these two stops?

A

terminate—-pineal gland

pass through—–lat horn T1-T2 & superior cervical ganglion

172
Q

SC nucleus AKA

A

entrainer of internal clock

173
Q

The pre-tectal nucleus is found where?

A

small area between the midbrain and diencephalon

174
Q

The pre-tectal nucleus sends

A

parasympathetic signals to EW nucleus—–>ciliary ganglion—–>constrictor pupilla

175
Q

The pre-tectal nucleus is involved in what reflex?

A

pupillary light reflex

176
Q

The left and right pre-tectal nuclei are connected where?

A

posterior commissure

177
Q

The pupillary light reflex is what kind of reflex?

A

somatovisceral

178
Q

The pupillary light reflex has what 2 parts?

A
  1. direct reflex—–pupil + light = constrict

2. consensual reflex—-opposite pupil constricts due to commissure connection

179
Q

The three most superficial layers of the Superior Colliculus are

A

striatum zonale

striatum cinerum
striatum opticum

180
Q

The striatum cinerum is made of what and sends signals where?

A 
cell bodies (gray matter)
sends signals to deep layers
181
Q

the striatum opticum is made of what and recieves axons from where?

A
  1. axons

2. axons from optic tract pass through here and synapse in cinerum

182
Q

What are the middle and deep layers of the superior colliculus called collectively? These layers are highly ________

A
  1. strata lemnisci

2. integrative

183
Q

What layers make up the strata lemnisci? what color is each one?

A
  1. Straiatum giseum medium (gray)
  2. Striatum album medium (white)
  3. Straiatum giseum profundum (gray)
  4. Striatum album profunda (white)
184
Q

What are the superificial afferents to the SC?

A
  1. Optic tract
  2. Area 17 (corticotecal tract)
  3. Area 8 (voluntary eye movement)
185
Q

What is the corticotecal tract?

A

The tract from area 17 to the superior colliculus

186
Q

tecal=

A

SC

187
Q

cortical=

A

neocortex

188
Q

What are the afferents to the deeper layers of the SC?

A
  1. Striatum cinerum
  2. IC
  3. ML
  4. spinotecal tract
  5. trigeminal tract
  6. cerebellum & substanti nigra
189
Q

the cerebellum and substantia nigra are involved in

A

motor function

190
Q

the spinaltecal tract carries what

A

pain + temp from the body

191
Q

Where is the pulvinar located?

A

thalamus

192
Q

What creates the dorsal tegmental decussation?

A

tectospinal tract

193
Q

What are the superficial efferents from the SC?

A

2 tectothalamic tracts

  1. Superficial layers—>LG—>area 17
  2. Superficial layers—->pulvinar—–>araes 18,19
194
Q

What are the efferents from the deep /lower layers of the SC?

A
  1. tectomesencephalic tract

2. tectospinal tract

195
Q

Does the tectalspinal tract descend past the cervical region?

A

no

196
Q

Where does the tectospinal tract end?

A

Lamina 9 of cervicals

197
Q

Where does the tectomesencephalic tract go?

A

to nuclei of CN 3,4,6 to move extrinsic eye muscles

198
Q

IS the tectomesocephalic tract considered voluntary?

A

no

199
Q

the hypothalamus is roughly ______

A

motor

200
Q

The hypothalamus is seperated from thalamus by

A

hypothalamic sulcus (from limitans)

201
Q

The hypothalamus contains nuclei that perform _________ __________

A

vegetative function (eating, drinking, sexuality, aggression)

202
Q

What are vegetative actions AKA

A

sham behavior

203
Q

Is the lateral hypothalamus divided into parts?

A

no

204
Q

What are the two nuclei in the lateral hypothalmus?

A
  1. lateral hypothalamic nucleus

2. tuberomamillary nucleus

205
Q

The medial hypothalamus is divided into how many parts? What are their names?

A

3 parts

  1. anterior hypothalamus
  2. tuberal hypothalamus
  3. posterior hypothalamus
206
Q

The anterior hypothalamus has how many nuclei? what are their names?

A 
4 nuclei
1. pre-optic nucleus (Pr)
2. supraoptic nucleus (SO)
3. suprachiasmatic nucleus (SC)
     do not confuse with superior colliculus
4. paraventricular nucleus (PVN)
207
Q

Is the Pr nucleus divided? where is it located?

A

yes (lateral, medial), in front of the optic tract

208
Q

Where is the SO nucleus located?

A

directly over the optic tract

209
Q

Where is the SC nucleus located?

A

dorsal to the optic chiasm

210
Q

The afferents going to the SC nucleus are from where?

A

optic tract

211
Q

Where is the PVN nucleus located?

A

next to the third ventricle

212
Q

The tuberal region of the hypothalamus is directly over the _________ _________. It contains a bulge at the base of the pituitary stalk called the _______ _________.

A
  1. tuberum cinerum

2. median eminence

213
Q

How many and what are the nuclei of the tuberal hypothalamus?

A

4 nuclei

  1. dorsomedial nuclei (DM of hypo)
  2. ventromedial nuclei (VM)
  3. arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus
  4. tuberomamillary nucleus = (straddles part two and three)
214
Q

The posterior hypothalamus is over what structure?

A

mammillary bodies

215
Q

How many and what are the names of the posterior nuclei of the hypothalamus?

A

3 nuclei

  1. posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus
  2. mammillary bodies (medial and lateral)
  3. pre-mammillary nuclei
216
Q

What are the pre-mammillary nuclei?

A

2 more swellings in front of the MBs

217
Q

The PVN and So release what substance?

A

hormones

218
Q

The PVN has what kinds of cells?

A

large and small

219
Q

The axons from the PVN and SO nuclei make up what tract to the posterior pituitary gland?

A

hypothalamohypophyseal tract

220
Q

The PVN large cells and So nuclei release what hormones?

A

vasopressin (ADH)

oxytocin

221
Q

The cell bodies of the hypothalamohypophyseal tract are found in what?

A

PVN large cells and SO nuclei

222
Q

Some axons from the hypothalamohypophyseal tract terminate where in the spinal cord?

A

lateral horn (T1-L2)

223
Q

How do hormones regulate the sympathetic nervous system?

A

because of the hypothalamohypophyseal tract

224
Q

What are the three sources of the hypothalamohypophyseal tract?

A
  1. PVN large cells
  2. SO nuclei
  3. lateral hypothalamus
225
Q

What hormones do the PVN small cells release?

A
  1. thyroid releasing hormone (TRH)

2. corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)

226
Q

WHat does the Pre-Optic nucleus deal with?

A

sexual behavior

227
Q

What is special about the Pre-Optic nucleus?

A

it contains three subnuclei that are sexually dimorphic

228
Q

What does INAH stand for?

A

interstitial nuclei of the anterior hypothalamus

229
Q

The pre-optic nucleus has the highest density of ____ receptors in the brain?

A

testosterone

230
Q

When do pre-optic neurons fire the most?

A

during sexual arousal

231
Q

When do pre-optic neurons fire least?

A

after ejaculation

232
Q

How many more neurons do males have than females in the pre-optic nucleus?

A

2 times as many

233
Q

How many more neurons do males have in the pre-optic nucleus than homosexual males?

A

2 times as many

234
Q

The neurons in the bed of stria terminalis is equal in males/________ but _____ have half as many.

A
  1. homosexuals

2. females/transgender

235
Q

What is the bed of stria terminalis?

A
  1. the connection between the anterior corpus collosum and the amygdala
  2. literally the closing of the anterior neurospore on day 24
236
Q

The bed of stria terminalis plays a major role in _______ ________.

A

sexual behavior

237
Q

The ventromedial nucleus (VM) has what 2 main function?

A
  1. sexual arousal/ activity in females

2. Acts as a feeding stop center—>satiety center

238
Q

What is the feeding start center?

A

lateral hypothalamus

239
Q

What are the three major hunger theories?

A
  1. glucostatic
  2. lipostatic
  3. thermostatci
240
Q

What stimulates hunger in the lateral hypothalamus?

A

orexin

241
Q

What other functions does the lateral hypothalamus have?

A
  1. reward circuitry

2. aggressive/violent behavior

242
Q

The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus is from ________. Where does it send axons? What does it release?

A
  1. tuberal hypothalamus
  2. lateral hypothalamus & PVN
  3. neuropeptide Y (NPY)
243
Q

What is leptin?

A

a hormone produced by fat cells to turn off the arcuate nucleus

244
Q

CRH is produced by the ________.

Leptin causes _________ CRH release and thus ________cortisol production.

A
  1. small cells of the PVN
  2. CRH
  3. cortisol
245
Q

Why does antihistamine cause drowsiness?

A

because histamine will be inhibited from being released

246
Q

histamine does what

A

wakefulness

alertness

247
Q

what releases histamine in the ascending chemical pathways of the brainstem?

A

tuberomammillary nucleus

Anatomy (22 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions