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cardio di 1st test Flashcards

1
Q

cardiac ischemia

2 pathophysiological causes

A
  1. decreased blood supply

2. increased metabolic

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2
Q

2 causes of decreased blood supply

A
  1. coronary spasm

2. coronary obstruction

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3
Q

causes of coronary spasm

A
  1. rupture of coronary plaque
  2. stress
  3. endocrine disorders
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4
Q

What causes coronary obstruction?

A

atherosclerotic plaques or thrombosis

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5
Q

systemic hypertension and hypertrophy are examples of

A

increased metabolic demand of cardiac muscles

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6
Q

A decreased blood supply =

A

decreased O2 and Glucose

drop in ATP

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7
Q

A decreased blood supply results in anaerobic respiration creating ______ which activates pain receptors

A

acidosis

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8
Q

3 steps of decreased blood supply and is the step reversible

A
  1. ischemia-reversible
  2. injury-reversible
  3. necrosis-irreversible
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9
Q

2 tests for injury and necrosis

A
  1. cardiac enzymes

2. ECG

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10
Q

What enzymes are tested for cardiac injury and necrosis?

A

CK-MB

tropinin 1

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11
Q

CK-MB doesnt change for the first _ hours

A

4

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12
Q

CK-MB spikes in the first __ hours and returns to normal by ______ hours

A

24

72

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13
Q

If CK-MB levels do not return to normal a ___________ results

A

reinfarction

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14
Q

How long does troponin 1 stay elevated after MI?

A

14 days

first notable rise in troponin 1 levels 3 hours after MI

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15
Q

What shows on an ECG representing cardiac ischemia?

A

an inverted T wave and/or depression of S-T segment

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16
Q

What shows on an ECG representing cardiac injury?

A

elevation of S-T segment (above P-Q segment)

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17
Q

What shows on an ECG representing cardiac necrosis (MI)?

A

abnormalities of Q-wave!!

ascending Q-wave is > 30% of R

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18
Q

chest pain from decreased blood supply is known as?

A

angina

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19
Q

Heart Failure definition

A

when the heart can not pump enough blood to systemic circulation (decreased cardiac output

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20
Q

Top five reasons for Heart Failure in US?

A
  1. MI
  2. systemic HTN
  3. myocarditis
  4. stenosis of cardiac valves
  5. regurgitation
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21
Q

Left Sided heart failure has what target organs?

A
  1. kidneys
  2. heart
  3. brain
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22
Q

Decreased renal blood flow due to LSHF causes what?

A
  1. decreased GFR
  2. increased Angio 2 and aldosterone
  3. increased NA/H2O
  4. increased blood pressure
  5. hepato/splenomegaly
  6. increased CHP=peripheral edema
  7. Jugular Venous Distension
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23
Q

LSHF causes what to the heart?

A

decreased blood flow

ANGINA

24
Q

LSHF to the brain causes what?

A

weakness, fatigue, mental confusion

25
Backup of blood from the left ventricle will cause what?
pulmonary edema 1. dyspnea 2. tachypnea 3. COUGHING WITH SPUTUM PRODUCTION
26
Increased PCO2 causes
acidosis (pain) (dyspnea) (tachypnea)
27
Right Sided heart failure (RSHF) causes what to happen directly? (forward)
decreased blood supply to the lungs 1. tachypnea 2. dyspnea 3. central cyanosis
28
Does RSHF cause increased PCO2?
yes, acidosis
29
Does RSHF cause pulmonary edema?
NO
30
Positive hepatojugular reflex happens from both sides of heart failure, but is mainly associated with which side?
Right
31
Subjective findings in LSHF?
1. weakness/fatigue 2. memory loss/confusion 3. breathlessness/cough/insomnia 4. anorexia/palpitations/diaphoresis
32
Subjective findings in RSHF?
1. weight gain/gastric distress 2. transient ankle swelling 3. abdominal distension 4. anorexia/ nausea
33
Objective findings RSHF?
1. edema/ascites 2. left parasternal lift 3. increased jugular BP/ vein pulsations 4. positive hepatojugular reflex
34
Objective LSHF findings?
1. Tachycardia/ moist rales 2. decreased S1, S2, S3 3. pleural effusion 4. pulsus alternans/diaphoresis
35
5 conditions causing heart failure
1. Abnormal volume load 2. Abnormal pressure load 3. Myocardial dysfunction 4. filling disorders 5. increased metabolic demand
36
Abnormal volume load causes
1. aortic/mitral/tricuspid incompetence 2. overtransfusion 3. left-to-right shunts 4. secondary hypervolemia
37
Abnormal pressure load causes
1. aortic stenosis 2. idiopathic hypertrophic subaortic stenosis 3. coarctation of the aorta?HTN
38
Myocardial dysfunction causes
1. cardiomyopathy 2. CAD/ ishemic infarction 3. Dysrythmias/presbycardia 4. toxic disorders
39
Filling disorders causes
1. mitral/tricuspid stenosis 2. cardiac tamponade 3. restrictive pericarditis
40
Increased metabolic demand causes
1. anemias/fever 2. thyrotoxicosis/beriberi 3. Paget's/ arteriovenous fistula
41
Stage 1 HTN
140-159/90-99
42
Stage 2 HTN
160-179/100-109
43
Stage 3 HTN
180-199/110-119
44
Stage 4 HTN
greater than 200/ greater than 120
45
complications of systemic HTN
1. MI 2. Renal failure 3. CVA 4. Retinal damage
46
145/105 represents what stage HTN?
Stage 2 because diastolic is 105 in stage two even though 145 is stage one systolic take the largest number and label what stage it is
47
P-wave represents
atrial depolarization
48
QRS segment represents
ventricular depolarization
49
Qrs segment length normally
.08-.12 sec
50
T-wave represents
ventricular repolarization
51
P-Q (P-R) segment length normally
.12-.2 sec
52
P-Q (P-R) represents
how fast electricity travels from SA node to muscles
53
Q-T interval normal length
.36-.44 | HR=60-10 BPM
54
Q-T interval represents
contraction to relaxation
55
Equation for calculating HR
HR=60/R1-R2 (sec)

Anatomy (22 decks)

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