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Anatomy > glycolysis ivanov > Flashcards

glycolysis ivanov Flashcards

1
Q

shuttles

A

Glycerol-3-P

Malate

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2
Q

Glycerol-3-P

1 NADH will produce ? ATP

A

1.5

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3
Q

Malate

1 NADH will produce ? ATP

A

2.5

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4
Q

G-3-P

produces how many ATP total?

A

30

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5
Q

Malate produces how many ATP total?

A

32

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6
Q

enzymes of the investment phase

A 
hexokinase
phosphoglucose isomerase
phosphofructosekinase
aldolase
triose phosphate isomerase
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7
Q

molecules produced during investment phase

A

d-glucose—start

  1. glucose 6-phosphate
  2. fructose 6-phosphate
  3. fructose 1,6-biphosphate
  4. glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

dihydroxyacetone phosphate

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8
Q

what happens to the fructose 1,3-biphosphate?

A

it goes through an aldol cleavage producing glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate
dihydroxyacetone phosphate

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9
Q

what enzymes accompany the ATP investments?

A

hexokinase

phoshofructokinase

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10
Q

what cells have no mitochondria?

A

RBC

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11
Q

What does aerobic glycolysis depend on?

A

Pa O2

number of mitochondria

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12
Q

NADH is

A

and electron carrier

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13
Q

What are the net products of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate
2 NADH
2 ATP

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14
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis is dependent on what enzyme?

A

lactate dehydrogenase

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15
Q

Anaerobic glycolysis produces what molecule?

A

Lactate

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16
Q

What are the enzymes of the generation phase?

A
  1. Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase
  2. phoshoglycerate kinase
  3. phoshoglycero-mutase
  4. enolase
  5. pyruvate kinase
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17
Q

glycolysis occurs where

A

cytosol

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18
Q

What is the pace setting enzyme for glycolysis?

A

phosphofructokinase

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19
Q

what inhibits phosphofructokinase

A

ATP

citrate

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20
Q

what is the substrate used by phosphofructokinase?

A

fructose 6-phosphate

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21
Q

vigorously contracting muscles show an increase in what reaction

A

conversion of pyruvate to lactate

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22
Q

If a pt showed very low lactate conversion after working out, what enzyme would be deficient

A

pyruvate kinase

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23
Q

which reactions in glycolysis are irreversable?

A

the rate limiting reactions

24
Q

what is the oxif=dized product of NADH?

A

NAD+

25
Q

will a fasting state speed up or slow down glycolysis, why?

A

a fasting state will slow down glycolysis due to the inhibition of phosphofructokinase. The enzyme is a rate determining enzyme and decreased levels of fructose 2, 6-biphosphate cause inhibition.

26
Q

Fructose 2,6 phosphate is activated by

A

insulin

27
Q

what are the products of the generation phase of glycolysis?

A

4 ATP
2 NADH
2 pyruvate

28
Q

what enzyme is reponsible for the phosphorylation of glucose

A

hexokinase

29
Q

what inhibits hexokinase

A

glucose 6-phosphate

30
Q

hexokinase has a high affinity for

A

glucose

31
Q

where is glucokinase found

A

liver parenchymal cells

islet cells of the pancreas

32
Q

how does glucokinase differ from hexokinase

A

1.glucokinase only functions when the intracellular concentration of glucose in the hepatocyte is elevated
(helpful when eating a carb rich meal)
2. indirectly inhibited by fructose 6-phosphate

  1. its activity is increased due to the activity of insulin
33
Q

What is the reaction following the phosphorylation of glucose?

A

glucose 6-phosphate is isomerized to fructose 6-phosphate

34
Q

what is the catalyst of this reaction

A

phosphoglucose isomerase

35
Q

What reaction happens to fructose 6-phosphate?

A

irreversable phosphorylation of fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-biphosphate

36
Q

what regulates this reaction?

A
  1. activated by increased concentration of fructose 2,6-biphosphate (most potent activator)
  2. inhibited by increased ATP, Citrate
  3. activated by high AMP
37
Q

What is the catalyst of this reaction?

A

phosphofructokinase-1 (PFK-1)

38
Q

ATP is required investment during what reactions?

A
  1. glucose to glucose 6-phosphate

2. fructose 6-phosphate to fructose 1,6-biphosphate

39
Q

What happens during the cleavage of fructose 1,6-biphospahte?

A

aldolase cleaves fructose 1,6-biphosphate to dihydroxyacetone phosphate and glyceraldehyde 3-phospahte

40
Q

is this reaction reversable?

A

yes

41
Q

What does triose phosphate isomerase do?

A

interconverts dihydroxyacetone phoshate and glyceraldehyde 3 -phosphate

42
Q

what happens to dihydroxyacetone phosphate?

A

it is isomerized to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate for further metabolism in the glycolytic pathway

43
Q

what happens to the 2 molecules of glycrealdehyde 3-phosphate

A

they are oxidized to 1,3-biphosphoglycerate

44
Q

what is the catalyst for this reaction

A

glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

45
Q

What also happens during this reaction in glycolysis?

A

NAD+ is rduced to produce NADH + H+

46
Q

What happens to 1,3 BPG?

A

it is conveted to 3-phosphoglycerate

(the high energy phosphate group is used to synthesize ATP from ADP

47
Q

What is this reaction catalyzed by?

A

phosphoglycerate kinase

48
Q

3-phosphoglycerate is then

A

shifted the phosphate group from carbon 3 to carbon 2 by the catalyst phosphoglycerate mutase

49
Q

what happens to 2-phosphoglycerate

A

it is dehydrated by enolase

this results in the formation of a high energy enol phosphate contained in the PEP molecule

50
Q

What happens to the PEP molecule?

A

PEP is converted to pyruvate by the enzyme pyruvate kinase
last irreversable reaction of glycolysis
produces ATP

51
Q

What activates pyruvate kinase

A

elevated levels of fructose 1,6-biphosphate

52
Q

T or F

The rate limiting reactions of glycolysis are irreversable.

A

T

53
Q

Which reaction is the regulated reaction of the glycolytic pathway?

A

Fructose 6 phosphosphate—–>fructose 1,6 biphosphate

PFK-1

54
Q

What would cause an increase in conversion of pyruvate to lactate?

A

vigourously contracting muscles

55
Q

Red blood cells isolated from a patient showed abnormally low level of lactate production, which enzyme of glycolysis is deficient?

A

pyruvate kinase

Anatomy (22 decks)

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