Trypanosomiasis And Leishmaniasis Flashcards
What is the causative agent of Chagas disease?
Trypanosoma cruzi
What is the causative agent of dourine?
Trypanosome equiperdum
What is the causative agent of Nagana?
Trypanosome brucei, T. Congolense, T. Vivax
What is the causative agent of Surra?
Trypanosoma evansi
What is the causative agent of canine leishmaniasis?
Leishmania infantum
What are the transmission routes for typanosomes?
Insect-vectored trypanosomes
Latrogenic transmission via blood-contaminated needles, syringes, etc.
Transplacental transmission
What does euryxenous mean?
Can infect a wide range of animals
Are Trypanosoma host-specific or euryxenous?
both, differs by species
What transmits Nagana disease?
Tsetse flys (glossina spp.)
When will you most likely find lots of trypansomomes in the blood in Nagana disease?
Acute phase
What does acute disease of Nagana disease look like?
high parasitemia with extensive hemorrhages of mucosa and serosal surfaces of the body
What does chronic disease look like for Nagana disease?
cattle become anemic and emaciated with signs of severe wasting
What animals are affected by Tsetse-transmitted trypanosomes?
domestic ruminants, equids, pigs, dogs and cats
What is the vector of Surra disease?
Tabanid flies (horseflies) and vampire bats
What is a key symptom of chronic Surra disease?
Hindleg paralysis
What is a non-tsetse Diptera-vectored trypanosome?
Surra disease
Where is Surra disease transmitted?
north africa, asia, and tropical america
What is a sexually transmitted trypanosome?
Dourine disease - Trypanosome equiperdium
What trypanosome is transmitted without a vector?
Trypansomsoma equiperdum - Dourine disease
How is dourine disease transmitted?
Sexual contact
What is silver dollar plaques a key symptom of?
Dourine Disease - Trypanosome equiperdum
What are the acute stapes of Dourine disease?
swelling on genitali, mucoid discharge in which T. equiperdum can be demonstrated, silver dollar plaques
What are the chronic stages of dourine disease?
emaciation, paresis, intermittent fever, and finally death
Where is dourine endemic?
asia, africa, middle east, eastern eurpoe, south and central america
How is Nagana diagnosed?
direct visualization of trypanosomes in Giemsa-stained blood smear
serological test (indirect fluorescent antibody and ELISA)
How is Surra diagnosed?
microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained thin blood smear
PCR
serology
card agglutination test
How is Dourine diagnosed?
serology
complement fixation test
direct identification of parasite
How is Nagana prevented?
-early detection in disease free area
-stamping out
-quarantines, movement controls and euthanasia of infected animals
-arthropod vector control
how is Surra prevented?
-early detection prevents disease from becoming enzootic in free regions
-eradication : quarantine measures, movement control, isolation
-arthropod vector control
how is Dourine prevented?
-new animals being introduced into a herd should be quarantined and tested by serology
-eradicated from herd using serology to identify infected equids
-infected animals are usually euthanized
what is another name for Chagas disease?
American trypanosomiasis
What are the reservoir hosts of Chagas’ disease?
Opossums, armadillos, rodents, cats, pigs, raccoons, and monkeys
What are the routes of infection for Chagas’ disease?
Vector-borne (kissing bugs)
Ingestion of infected bugs or items contaminated with bug feces
Transplacentally
Blood transfusion
Organ transplantation
Is Trypanosome cruzi - Salvarian or Stercorarian transmitted trypanosome?
Stercorarian trypanosome - through fecal
Where is canine Chagas’ disease mostly found?
Southern US, Texas, Louisiana, Tennessee, etc.
What canines are at the at risk population for Chagas’ disease?
Sport and working dogs
Young dogs
Puppies from diseased mothers
Dogs that sleep outdoors
When can sudden death occur for Chagas’ disease?
Any stage of disease
What are the symptoms of acute phase of Chagas’ disease?
Fever, anorexia, lethargy, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, cardiac conduction - abnormalities or arrhythmias
what are the symptoms of Chagas’ disease of the latent phase?
No clinical signs, but maybe sudden death
What are the symptoms of the chronic phase of Chagas’ disease?
Congestive heart failure, dilated cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmias
What is the standard method of diagnosis of Chagas’ disease?
Serology (indirect fluorescent antibody)
how is chagas disease treated?
no effective drug
during chronic phase focus on symptomatic treatment of heart failure and arrhythmias
how is chagas disease prevented?
limit contact with triatomine vectors
prevent dogs from eating potentially infected animals
test breeding females to prevent congenital transmission
what is the modes of transmission for leishmaniasis?
vector borne by sand flies
iatrogenic transmission (blood transfusion, contaminated with needles, etc.)
contact with infected blood (transplacental, veneral)
What are the domestic species most affected by leishmaniasis?
Dogs
Where is Leishmaniasis infantum most prevalent?
Europe, Africa, Asia, and south and Central America
What are the risk factors for infection of leishmaniasis in dogs?
Age at least 2 years
Prolonged exposure to outdoors
Lack of topical insecticide use
Short haircoat
How does canine leishmaniasis get into dogs in North America?
Dogs imported from southern Europe and South America
Kenneled foxhounds - primary transplacental transmission
What cell is Leishmaniasis infantum infecting in the host?
Macrophage
what is the pathogenesis of canine leishmaniasis?
variable
some dogs eliminate infection
small percentage develop severe, life threatening disease
some sub-clinically infected with possibility of reactivation
what are salivarian trypanosomes?
transmitted by bite of vector
what are stercorarian trypanosomes?
transmitted by feces of vector
what does cutaneous leishmaniasis present as?
alopecia, scaling, and/or ulceration but can be nodular or papular
develop onychogryphosis (abnormally long or brittle claws)
what is this dog most likely infected with?
cutaneous leishmaniasis
what does visceral leishmaniasis present as?
fever, weight loss, muscle atrophy, inappetence, and lethargy
oral ulceration
progressive splenomegaly and lymphadenomegaly
mucosal pallor due to anemia
hepatomegaly
what does development of autoantibodies and circulating immune complexes lead to with leishmaniasis?
immune-mediated thrombocytopenia and/or thrombocytopathia
epistaxis or melena, lameness and joint swelling, myositis, uvertis, vasculitis, and glomerulonephritis
how is leishmaniasis diagnosed?
clinical suspicion + history
microscopy
serology
molecular diagnosis - PCR
how is leishmaniasis treated?
dogs - allopurinol + mitefosine
cats - allopurinol
equids - no established treatment
how is leishmaniasis prevented?
limit contact with sand flies
vaccines
serologically screen blood donor dogs and breeding females
what is this dog infected with? (causative agent and disease)
Trypanosoma cruzi
chagas disease
