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Trypanosomiasis And Leishmaniasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the causative agent of Chagas disease?

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

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2
Q

What is the causative agent of dourine?

A

Trypanosome equiperdum

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3
Q

What is the causative agent of Nagana?

A

Trypanosome brucei, T. Congolense, T. Vivax

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4
Q

What is the causative agent of Surra?

A

Trypanosoma evansi

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5
Q

What is the causative agent of canine leishmaniasis?

A

Leishmania infantum

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6
Q

What are the transmission routes for typanosomes?

A

Insect-vectored trypanosomes
Latrogenic transmission via blood-contaminated needles, syringes, etc.
Transplacental transmission

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7
Q

What does euryxenous mean?

A

Can infect a wide range of animals

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8
Q

Are Trypanosoma host-specific or euryxenous?

A

both, differs by species

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9
Q

What transmits Nagana disease?

A

Tsetse flys (glossina spp.)

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10
Q

When will you most likely find lots of trypansomomes in the blood in Nagana disease?

A

Acute phase

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11
Q

What does acute disease of Nagana disease look like?

A

high parasitemia with extensive hemorrhages of mucosa and serosal surfaces of the body

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12
Q

What does chronic disease look like for Nagana disease?

A

cattle become anemic and emaciated with signs of severe wasting

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13
Q

What animals are affected by Tsetse-transmitted trypanosomes?

A

domestic ruminants, equids, pigs, dogs and cats

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14
Q

What is the vector of Surra disease?

A

Tabanid flies (horseflies) and vampire bats

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15
Q

What is a key symptom of chronic Surra disease?

A

Hindleg paralysis

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16
Q

What is a non-tsetse Diptera-vectored trypanosome?

A

Surra disease

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17
Q

Where is Surra disease transmitted?

A

north africa, asia, and tropical america

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18
Q

What is a sexually transmitted trypanosome?

A

Dourine disease - Trypanosome equiperdium

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19
Q

What trypanosome is transmitted without a vector?

A

Trypansomsoma equiperdum - Dourine disease

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20
Q

How is dourine disease transmitted?

A

Sexual contact

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21
Q

What is silver dollar plaques a key symptom of?

A

Dourine Disease - Trypanosome equiperdum

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22
Q

What are the acute stapes of Dourine disease?

A

swelling on genitali, mucoid discharge in which T. equiperdum can be demonstrated, silver dollar plaques

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23
Q

What are the chronic stages of dourine disease?

A

emaciation, paresis, intermittent fever, and finally death

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24
Q

Where is dourine endemic?

A

asia, africa, middle east, eastern eurpoe, south and central america

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25
How is Nagana diagnosed?
direct visualization of trypanosomes in Giemsa-stained blood smear serological test (indirect fluorescent antibody and ELISA)
26
How is Surra diagnosed?
microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained thin blood smear PCR serology card agglutination test
27
How is Dourine diagnosed?
serology complement fixation test direct identification of parasite
28
How is Nagana prevented?
-early detection in disease free area -stamping out -quarantines, movement controls and euthanasia of infected animals -arthropod vector control
29
how is Surra prevented?
-early detection prevents disease from becoming enzootic in free regions -eradication : quarantine measures, movement control, isolation -arthropod vector control
30
how is Dourine prevented?
-new animals being introduced into a herd should be quarantined and tested by serology -eradicated from herd using serology to identify infected equids -infected animals are usually euthanized
31
what is another name for Chagas disease?
American trypanosomiasis
32
What are the reservoir hosts of Chagas’ disease?
Opossums, armadillos, rodents, cats, pigs, raccoons, and monkeys
33
What are the routes of infection for Chagas’ disease?
Vector-borne (kissing bugs) Ingestion of infected bugs or items contaminated with bug feces Transplacentally Blood transfusion Organ transplantation
34
Is Trypanosome cruzi - Salvarian or Stercorarian transmitted trypanosome?
Stercorarian trypanosome - through fecal
35
Where is canine Chagas’ disease mostly found?
Southern US, Texas, Louisiana, Tennessee, etc.
36
What canines are at the at risk population for Chagas’ disease?
Sport and working dogs Young dogs Puppies from diseased mothers Dogs that sleep outdoors
37
When can sudden death occur for Chagas’ disease?
Any stage of disease
38
What are the symptoms of acute phase of Chagas’ disease?
Fever, anorexia, lethargy, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, cardiac conduction - abnormalities or arrhythmias
39
what are the symptoms of Chagas’ disease of the latent phase?
No clinical signs, but maybe sudden death
40
What are the symptoms of the chronic phase of Chagas’ disease?
Congestive heart failure, dilated cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmias
41
What is the standard method of diagnosis of Chagas’ disease?
Serology (indirect fluorescent antibody)
42
how is chagas disease treated?
no effective drug during chronic phase focus on symptomatic treatment of heart failure and arrhythmias
43
how is chagas disease prevented?
limit contact with triatomine vectors prevent dogs from eating potentially infected animals test breeding females to prevent congenital transmission
44
what is the modes of transmission for leishmaniasis?
vector borne by sand flies iatrogenic transmission (blood transfusion, contaminated with needles, etc.) contact with infected blood (transplacental, veneral)
45
What are the domestic species most affected by leishmaniasis?
Dogs
46
Where is Leishmaniasis infantum most prevalent?
Europe, Africa, Asia, and south and Central America
47
What are the risk factors for infection of leishmaniasis in dogs?
Age at least 2 years Prolonged exposure to outdoors Lack of topical insecticide use Short haircoat
48
How does canine leishmaniasis get into dogs in North America?
Dogs imported from southern Europe and South America Kenneled foxhounds - primary transplacental transmission
49
What cell is Leishmaniasis infantum infecting in the host?
Macrophage
50
what is the pathogenesis of canine leishmaniasis?
variable some dogs eliminate infection small percentage develop severe, life threatening disease some sub-clinically infected with possibility of reactivation
51
what are salivarian trypanosomes?
transmitted by bite of vector
52
what are stercorarian trypanosomes?
transmitted by feces of vector
53
what does cutaneous leishmaniasis present as?
alopecia, scaling, and/or ulceration but can be nodular or papular develop onychogryphosis (abnormally long or brittle claws)
54
what is this dog most likely infected with?
cutaneous leishmaniasis
55
what does visceral leishmaniasis present as?
fever, weight loss, muscle atrophy, inappetence, and lethargy oral ulceration progressive splenomegaly and lymphadenomegaly mucosal pallor due to anemia hepatomegaly
56
what does development of autoantibodies and circulating immune complexes lead to with leishmaniasis?
immune-mediated thrombocytopenia and/or thrombocytopathia epistaxis or melena, lameness and joint swelling, myositis, uvertis, vasculitis, and glomerulonephritis
57
how is leishmaniasis diagnosed?
clinical suspicion + history microscopy serology molecular diagnosis - PCR
58
how is leishmaniasis treated?
dogs - allopurinol + mitefosine cats - allopurinol equids - no established treatment
59
how is leishmaniasis prevented?
limit contact with sand flies vaccines serologically screen blood donor dogs and breeding females
60
what is this dog infected with? (causative agent and disease)
Trypanosoma cruzi chagas disease

Parasitology (17 decks)

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