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Parasitology > Trypanosomiasis And Leishmaniasis > Flashcards

Trypanosomiasis And Leishmaniasis Flashcards

1
Q

What is the causative agent of Chagas disease?

A

Trypanosoma cruzi

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2
Q

What is the causative agent of dourine?

A

Trypanosome equiperdum

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3
Q

What is the causative agent of Nagana?

A

Trypanosome brucei, T. Congolense, T. Vivax

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4
Q

What is the causative agent of Surra?

A

Trypanosoma evansi

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5
Q

What is the causative agent of canine leishmaniasis?

A

Leishmania infantum

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6
Q

What are the transmission routes for typanosomes?

A

Insect-vectored trypanosomes
Latrogenic transmission via blood-contaminated needles, syringes, etc.
Transplacental transmission

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7
Q

What does euryxenous mean?

A

Can infect a wide range of animals

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8
Q

Are Trypanosoma host-specific or euryxenous?

A

both, differs by species

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9
Q

What transmits Nagana disease?

A

Tsetse flys (glossina spp.)

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10
Q

When will you most likely find lots of trypansomomes in the blood in Nagana disease?

A

Acute phase

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11
Q

What does acute disease of Nagana disease look like?

A

high parasitemia with extensive hemorrhages of mucosa and serosal surfaces of the body

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12
Q

What does chronic disease look like for Nagana disease?

A

cattle become anemic and emaciated with signs of severe wasting

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13
Q

What animals are affected by Tsetse-transmitted trypanosomes?

A

domestic ruminants, equids, pigs, dogs and cats

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14
Q

What is the vector of Surra disease?

A

Tabanid flies (horseflies) and vampire bats

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15
Q

What is a key symptom of chronic Surra disease?

A

Hindleg paralysis

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16
Q

What is a non-tsetse Diptera-vectored trypanosome?

A

Surra disease

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17
Q

Where is Surra disease transmitted?

A

north africa, asia, and tropical america

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18
Q

What is a sexually transmitted trypanosome?

A

Dourine disease - Trypanosome equiperdium

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19
Q

What trypanosome is transmitted without a vector?

A

Trypansomsoma equiperdum - Dourine disease

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20
Q

How is dourine disease transmitted?

A

Sexual contact

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21
Q

What is silver dollar plaques a key symptom of?

A

Dourine Disease - Trypanosome equiperdum

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22
Q

What are the acute stapes of Dourine disease?

A

swelling on genitali, mucoid discharge in which T. equiperdum can be demonstrated, silver dollar plaques

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23
Q

What are the chronic stages of dourine disease?

A

emaciation, paresis, intermittent fever, and finally death

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24
Q

Where is dourine endemic?

A

asia, africa, middle east, eastern eurpoe, south and central america

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25
Q

How is Nagana diagnosed?

A

direct visualization of trypanosomes in Giemsa-stained blood smear
serological test (indirect fluorescent antibody and ELISA)

26
Q

How is Surra diagnosed?

A

microscopic examination of Giemsa-stained thin blood smear
PCR
serology
card agglutination test

27
Q

How is Dourine diagnosed?

A

serology
complement fixation test
direct identification of parasite

28
Q

How is Nagana prevented?

A

-early detection in disease free area
-stamping out
-quarantines, movement controls and euthanasia of infected animals
-arthropod vector control

29
Q

how is Surra prevented?

A

-early detection prevents disease from becoming enzootic in free regions
-eradication : quarantine measures, movement control, isolation
-arthropod vector control

30
Q

how is Dourine prevented?

A

-new animals being introduced into a herd should be quarantined and tested by serology
-eradicated from herd using serology to identify infected equids
-infected animals are usually euthanized

31
Q

what is another name for Chagas disease?

A

American trypanosomiasis

32
Q

What are the reservoir hosts of Chagas’ disease?

A

Opossums, armadillos, rodents, cats, pigs, raccoons, and monkeys

33
Q

What are the routes of infection for Chagas’ disease?

A

Vector-borne (kissing bugs)
Ingestion of infected bugs or items contaminated with bug feces
Transplacentally
Blood transfusion
Organ transplantation

34
Q

Is Trypanosome cruzi - Salvarian or Stercorarian transmitted trypanosome?

A

Stercorarian trypanosome - through fecal

35
Q

Where is canine Chagas’ disease mostly found?

A

Southern US, Texas, Louisiana, Tennessee, etc.

36
Q

What canines are at the at risk population for Chagas’ disease?

A

Sport and working dogs
Young dogs
Puppies from diseased mothers
Dogs that sleep outdoors

37
Q

When can sudden death occur for Chagas’ disease?

A

Any stage of disease

38
Q

What are the symptoms of acute phase of Chagas’ disease?

A

Fever, anorexia, lethargy, lymphadenopathy, hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, cardiac conduction - abnormalities or arrhythmias

39
Q

what are the symptoms of Chagas’ disease of the latent phase?

A

No clinical signs, but maybe sudden death

40
Q

What are the symptoms of the chronic phase of Chagas’ disease?

A

Congestive heart failure, dilated cardiomyopathy, and arrhythmias

41
Q

What is the standard method of diagnosis of Chagas’ disease?

A

Serology (indirect fluorescent antibody)

42
Q

how is chagas disease treated?

A

no effective drug
during chronic phase focus on symptomatic treatment of heart failure and arrhythmias

43
Q

how is chagas disease prevented?

A

limit contact with triatomine vectors
prevent dogs from eating potentially infected animals
test breeding females to prevent congenital transmission

44
Q

what is the modes of transmission for leishmaniasis?

A

vector borne by sand flies
iatrogenic transmission (blood transfusion, contaminated with needles, etc.)
contact with infected blood (transplacental, veneral)

45
Q

What are the domestic species most affected by leishmaniasis?

A

Dogs

46
Q

Where is Leishmaniasis infantum most prevalent?

A

Europe, Africa, Asia, and south and Central America

47
Q

What are the risk factors for infection of leishmaniasis in dogs?

A

Age at least 2 years
Prolonged exposure to outdoors
Lack of topical insecticide use
Short haircoat

48
Q

How does canine leishmaniasis get into dogs in North America?

A

Dogs imported from southern Europe and South America
Kenneled foxhounds - primary transplacental transmission

49
Q

What cell is Leishmaniasis infantum infecting in the host?

A

Macrophage

50
Q

what is the pathogenesis of canine leishmaniasis?

A

variable
some dogs eliminate infection
small percentage develop severe, life threatening disease
some sub-clinically infected with possibility of reactivation

51
Q

what are salivarian trypanosomes?

A

transmitted by bite of vector

52
Q

what are stercorarian trypanosomes?

A

transmitted by feces of vector

53
Q

what does cutaneous leishmaniasis present as?

A

alopecia, scaling, and/or ulceration but can be nodular or papular
develop onychogryphosis (abnormally long or brittle claws)

54
Q

what is this dog most likely infected with?

A

cutaneous leishmaniasis

55
Q

what does visceral leishmaniasis present as?

A

fever, weight loss, muscle atrophy, inappetence, and lethargy
oral ulceration
progressive splenomegaly and lymphadenomegaly
mucosal pallor due to anemia
hepatomegaly

56
Q

what does development of autoantibodies and circulating immune complexes lead to with leishmaniasis?

A

immune-mediated thrombocytopenia and/or thrombocytopathia
epistaxis or melena, lameness and joint swelling, myositis, uvertis, vasculitis, and glomerulonephritis

57
Q

how is leishmaniasis diagnosed?

A

clinical suspicion + history
microscopy
serology
molecular diagnosis - PCR

58
Q

how is leishmaniasis treated?

A

dogs - allopurinol + mitefosine
cats - allopurinol
equids - no established treatment

59
Q

how is leishmaniasis prevented?

A

limit contact with sand flies
vaccines
serologically screen blood donor dogs and breeding females

60
Q

what is this dog infected with? (causative agent and disease)

A

Trypanosoma cruzi
chagas disease

Parasitology (17 decks)

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