Flies and Myiasis

Question 1

what is another name for flies?

Answer 1

diptera

Question 2

how many pairs of wings do adult flies have?

Answer 2

1 pair

Question 3

do all flies have wings?

Answer 3

absent in some parasitic flies

Question 4

what do adults of all Diptera spp. have?

Answer 4

1 pair of Haltere

Question 5

what are haltere?

Answer 5

modified hindwings

Question 6

what is the arrow pointing to?

Answer 6

Question 7

what are the 3 main groups of Diptera/flies?

Answer 7

Nematocera
Brachycera
Cyclorrhapha

Question 8

what do all 3 of the main groups of Diptera have?

Answer 8

biting mouthparts, all hematophagous species

Question 9

what type of metamorphosis do flies have?

Answer 9

holometabolous
egg -> larva -> pupa -> adult

Question 10

define myiasis

Answer 10

infection with fly larvae

Question 11

what group of flies have larvae that feed on host animal tissues?

Answer 11

cyclorrhaphans

Question 12

what is the clinical importance of biting flies? (what do they do to the host)

Answer 12

-painful/irritating bites disrupt normal behaviors
-inflammation -> pruritis & dermatitis ->scratching, rubbing, biting
-sometimes severe blood loss
-pathogens transmitted

Question 13

what is the clinical importance of non-biting flies? (what do they do to the host)

Answer 13

-annoy animals and disrupt normal behavior
-spines on mouth parts irritate/damage mucuous membranes
-transmission of pathogens

Question 14

what is the clinical importance of myiasis? (what do they do to the host)

Answer 14

-tissue destruction: mild to severe to fatal
-obstruction: respiratory passages, GI tract

Question 15

where can you find flies on or expelled from the host?

Answer 15

adults/on near host
larvae on/in host
larvae expelled in feces (horse bots) or from nose (nasal bots)
eggs on host (botflies)

Question 16

How do you get the taxonomic ID of flies?

Answer 16

preserve in 70% ethanol - adults, larvae, and eggs of common species can be identified using pictorial keys

Question 17

what does a comprehensive control program do?

Answer 17

-reduce host exposure to adult flies - eliminate eggs/larvae on or in hosts
-control existing environmental infestation (all life cycle stage)
-prevent subsequent re-infestations of host and/or environment

Question 18

what is the treatment and prevention of adult flies?

Answer 18

-insecticides
-oral insect growth regulators -> disrupt life cycle
-repellants, fly masks, smudge pots, etc.
-shelter animals during peak hours of fly activity and limit their exposure to fly-infested habitats

Question 19

what is the treatment and prevention of myiasis?

Answer 19

-insecticides
-macrocyclic lactones
-physical removal from host, cleaning/debridement of wounds

Question 20

what is the prevention for horse bot eggs?

Answer 20

scrape eggs off host or apply warm water + insecticide

Question 21

what is something that you need to be aware of when treating and preventing infections of flies?

Answer 21

-toxicities
-chemicals not approved for use in lactating dairy cows

Question 22

what are some methods of environmental control? (broad)

Answer 22

-removal of larval habitat
-chemical control
-biological control
-non-chemical methods
-monitoring

Question 23

what types of chemical control can you do for environmental control of flies?

Answer 23

adult flies - insecticides
larvae - insecticides, insect growth regulators

Question 24

what type of biological control can you do for environmental control of flies?

Answer 24

-parasitoid wasps -> pupae of cyclorrhapans
-Bacillus thuringinesis -> larval stages

Question 25

what type of non-chemical methods can you do for environmental control of flies?

Answer 25

-adult flies - screens, fly traps, flypaper, zappers -mosquito larvae - modification of aquatic habitats (source reduction)

Question 26

what type of monitoring methods can you do for environmental control of flies?

Answer 26

-standard, quantitative methods for monitoring fly numbers -> control decisions -fly traps, spot cards, counting flies on sample of animals

Question 27

what flies are classified as Nematocera?

Answer 27

-Mosquitoes -Blackflies -Midges -sandflies

Question 28

what Nematocera is a vector for **canine heartworm** and **plasmodium**?

Answer 28

Culicidae (mosquitoes)

Question 29

what can culicidae cause in felines?

Answer 29

**feline mosquito bite hypersensitivity**

Question 30

what family do the following genera belong to Aedes, Anopheles, Culex?

Answer 30

Culicidae/mosquito

Question 31

what type of fly does the Simulium genera belong to?

Answer 31

blackflies

Question 32

what Nematocera is a vector for filariod nematodes, **Leucocytozoan** spp., and vesicular stomatitis virus?

Answer 32

blackflies

Question 33

what can cause **simuliotoxocosis** in equids, ruminants, swine, and birds?

Answer 33

Simuliidae - blackflies

Question 34

what family does Culicoides spp. belong to?

Answer 34

Midges

Question 35

what Nematocera is a vector for filarioid nematodes, **Leucocytozoon**, Haemorproteus, and viruses like bluetounge, and african horse sickness ?

Answer 35

Midges

Question 36

what can cause **equine allergic dermatitis**?

Answer 36

midges

Question 37

what family does Lutzomyia and Phlebotomus belong to?

Answer 37

Sandflies

Question 38

what Nematocera is a vector for **Leishmania** spp. and vesicular stomatitis virus?

Answer 38

Sandlifes

Question 39

what flies are classified as Brachycera? (laymans name & scientific name)

Answer 39

horseflies and deerflies

Question 40

what family does Tabanus spp. and Chrysops spp. belong to?

Answer 40

Horseflies and deerflies

Question 41

what flies are vectors for filaroid nematodes, **Trypansoma** spp, francisella tularenis, anaplasma marginale, bacillus anthracis, equine infectious anemia, and WEEV?

Answer 41

Horseflies and deerflies

Question 42

what are the Cyclorrhapha biting flies?

Answer 42

Horn flies - Haematobia spp. Stable flies - Stomoxys spp. Keds or louse flies Tsestes flies

Question 43

where do horn flies reside?

Answer 43

adults live on cattle

Question 44

what happens to the cattle when horn flies are feeding frequently on cattle?

Answer 44

heavy production losses

Question 45

what fly transmits the pathogens Stephanofilaria stilesi and Staphlyoccus aureus?

Answer 45

horn flies- Haematobia spp.

Question 46

what fly resembles the house fly and torments cattle, equids, and many other mammals?

Answer 46

stable flies - Stomoxys spp.

Question 47

what fly transmits the pathogens spirurid nematodes (equids), bovine anaplasmosis, equine infectious anemia?

Answer 47

stable flies - Stomoxys spp

Question 48

which fly is the dorsoventrally flattened, has no wings, and is a parasites of birds, ruminants, equids, and other mammals?

Answer 48

Keds of louse flies (Hippoboscidae)

Question 49

what fly is known as Melophagus ovinus, is wingless, and transmist Trypanosoma melophagium?

Answer 49

sheep ked fly

Question 50

what flies have the genus Glossina spp. and are restricted to africa?

Answer 50

Tseste flies (Glossinidae)

Question 51

what fly is a vector of trypanosoma brucei which leads to nagana and sleeping sickness?

Answer 51

Tsetse flies (Glossinidae)

Question 52

what are the cyclorrhapha non-biting flies?

Answer 52

face fly - Musca autumnalis housefly - M. domestica

Question 53

what fly needs on the ocular/nasal discharge of cattle and other livestock?

Answer 53

face fly

Question 54

what fly is a vector for spirurid nematodes and Morazella bovis?

Answer 54

face fly

Question 55

what fly is the most abundant insect pest associated with livestock, poultry, and people?

Answer 55

Housefly (M. doestica, Muscidae)

Question 56

what fly feeds on the ocular,nasal fluids, and other bodily fluids?

Answer 56

Housefly (M. domestica; Muscidae)

Question 57

what fly is a vector for spiurid nematodes of equids, chicken tapeworm, and enteric pathogens?

Answer 57

Housefly (M. domestica; Muscidae)

Question 58

what are the Cyclorrhapha myiasis-causing flies?

Answer 58

Flesh flies Blowflies Botflies

Question 59

define obligate (primary) myiasis

Answer 59

larvae require a live host for food

Question 60

define facultative (secondary) myiasis

Answer 60

larvae usually eat carrion, sometimes infest live animals

Question 61

what type of myiasis do flesh flies have?

Answer 61

facultative and obligate myiasis

Question 62

what flesh fly causes obligate myiasis in young mammals and bird?

Answer 62

gray flesh fly

Question 63

where is the gray flesh fly located?

Answer 63

northern USA and Canada

Question 64

what type of myiasis do blowflies have?

Answer 64

facultative and obligate

Question 65

which blowfly is an obligate myiasis of domestic and wild animals?

Answer 65

new world screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax)

Question 66

which blowfly is a facultative myiasis in sheep, other mammals, and birds?

Answer 66

common green bottle fly (Lucilia sericata)

Question 67

what type of myiasis do botflies have?

Answer 67

obligate myiasis

Question 68

what is the botfly that are in sheep's noses?

Answer 68

Sheep nasal botfly - Oestrus ovis

Question 69

what botfly causes warbles (subcutaneous cysts) in bovids, cervids, sometimes equids and humans?

Answer 69

Heel flies (Hypoderma spp.)

Question 70

where are heel flies located?

Answer 70

northern hemisphere

Question 71

what botflies cause gastrointestinal myiasis in equids?

Answer 71

Horse botflies (Gasterophilus spp.)

Question 72

what botfly causes subcutaneous cysts in wild rodents and rabbits in americas?

Answer 72

Cuterebra spp.

Question 73

what botfly causes cutaneous cuterebriasis in domestic rabbits and sometimes cats, dogs, ferrets, and humans?

Answer 73

Cuterebra spp.

Question 74

what parasite is causing this?

Answer 74

Cuterebra spp. botfly

Question 75

what can cause cerebrospinal cuterebriasis in cats and dogs?

Answer 75

Cuterebra spp. botflies