Flies and Myiasis Flashcards
what is another name for flies?
diptera
how many pairs of wings do adult flies have?
1 pair
do all flies have wings?
absent in some parasitic flies
what do adults of all Diptera spp. have?
1 pair of Haltere
what are haltere?
modified hindwings
what is the arrow pointing to?
what are the 3 main groups of Diptera/flies?
Nematocera
Brachycera
Cyclorrhapha
what do all 3 of the main groups of Diptera have?
biting mouthparts, all hematophagous species
what type of metamorphosis do flies have?
holometabolous
egg -> larva -> pupa -> adult
define myiasis
infection with fly larvae
what group of flies have larvae that feed on host animal tissues?
cyclorrhaphans
what is the clinical importance of biting flies? (what do they do to the host)
-painful/irritating bites disrupt normal behaviors
-inflammation -> pruritis & dermatitis ->scratching, rubbing, biting
-sometimes severe blood loss
-pathogens transmitted
what is the clinical importance of non-biting flies? (what do they do to the host)
-annoy animals and disrupt normal behavior
-spines on mouth parts irritate/damage mucuous membranes
-transmission of pathogens
what is the clinical importance of myiasis? (what do they do to the host)
-tissue destruction: mild to severe to fatal
-obstruction: respiratory passages, GI tract
where can you find flies on or expelled from the host?
adults/on near host
larvae on/in host
larvae expelled in feces (horse bots) or from nose (nasal bots)
eggs on host (botflies)
How do you get the taxonomic ID of flies?
preserve in 70% ethanol - adults, larvae, and eggs of common species can be identified using pictorial keys
what does a comprehensive control program do?
-reduce host exposure to adult flies - eliminate eggs/larvae on or in hosts
-control existing environmental infestation (all life cycle stage)
-prevent subsequent re-infestations of host and/or environment
what is the treatment and prevention of adult flies?
-insecticides
-oral insect growth regulators -> disrupt life cycle
-repellants, fly masks, smudge pots, etc.
-shelter animals during peak hours of fly activity and limit their exposure to fly-infested habitats
what is the treatment and prevention of myiasis?
-insecticides
-macrocyclic lactones
-physical removal from host, cleaning/debridement of wounds
what is the prevention for horse bot eggs?
scrape eggs off host or apply warm water + insecticide
what is something that you need to be aware of when treating and preventing infections of flies?
-toxicities
-chemicals not approved for use in lactating dairy cows
what are some methods of environmental control? (broad)
-removal of larval habitat
-chemical control
-biological control
-non-chemical methods
-monitoring
what types of chemical control can you do for environmental control of flies?
adult flies - insecticides
larvae - insecticides, insect growth regulators
what type of biological control can you do for environmental control of flies?
-parasitoid wasps -> pupae of cyclorrhapans
-Bacillus thuringinesis -> larval stages
what type of non-chemical methods can you do for environmental control of flies?
-adult flies - screens, fly traps, flypaper, zappers
-mosquito larvae - modification of aquatic habitats (source reduction)
what type of monitoring methods can you do for environmental control of flies?
-standard, quantitative methods for monitoring fly numbers -> control decisions
-fly traps, spot cards, counting flies on sample of animals
what flies are classified as Nematocera?
-Mosquitoes
-Blackflies
-Midges
-sandflies
what Nematocera is a vector for canine heartworm and plasmodium?
Culicidae (mosquitoes)
what can culicidae cause in felines?
feline mosquito bite hypersensitivity
what family do the following genera belong to Aedes, Anopheles, Culex?
Culicidae/mosquito
what type of fly does the Simulium genera belong to?
blackflies
what Nematocera is a vector for filariod nematodes, Leucocytozoan spp., and vesicular stomatitis virus?
blackflies
what can cause simuliotoxocosis in equids, ruminants, swine, and birds?
Simuliidae - blackflies
what family does Culicoides spp. belong to?
Midges
what Nematocera is a vector for filarioid nematodes, Leucocytozoon, Haemorproteus, and viruses like bluetounge, and african horse sickness ?
Midges
what can cause equine allergic dermatitis?
midges
what family does Lutzomyia and Phlebotomus belong to?
Sandflies
what Nematocera is a vector for Leishmania spp. and vesicular stomatitis virus?
Sandlifes
what flies are classified as Brachycera? (laymans name & scientific name)
horseflies and deerflies
what family does Tabanus spp. and Chrysops spp. belong to?
Horseflies and deerflies
what flies are vectors for filaroid nematodes, Trypansoma spp, francisella tularenis, anaplasma marginale, bacillus anthracis, equine infectious anemia, and WEEV?
Horseflies and deerflies
what are the Cyclorrhapha biting flies?
Horn flies - Haematobia spp.
Stable flies - Stomoxys spp.
Keds or louse flies
Tsestes flies
where do horn flies reside?
adults live on cattle
what happens to the cattle when horn flies are feeding frequently on cattle?
heavy production losses
what fly transmits the pathogens Stephanofilaria stilesi and Staphlyoccus aureus?
horn flies- Haematobia spp.
what fly resembles the house fly and torments cattle, equids, and many other mammals?
stable flies - Stomoxys spp.
what fly transmits the pathogens spirurid nematodes (equids), bovine anaplasmosis, equine infectious anemia?
stable flies - Stomoxys spp
which fly is the dorsoventrally flattened, has no wings, and is a parasites of birds, ruminants, equids, and other mammals?
Keds of louse flies (Hippoboscidae)
what fly is known as Melophagus ovinus, is wingless, and transmist Trypanosoma melophagium?
sheep ked fly
what flies have the genus Glossina spp. and are restricted to africa?
Tseste flies (Glossinidae)
what fly is a vector of trypanosoma brucei which leads to nagana and sleeping sickness?
Tsetse flies (Glossinidae)
what are the cyclorrhapha non-biting flies?
face fly - Musca autumnalis
housefly - M. domestica
what fly needs on the ocular/nasal discharge of cattle and other livestock?
face fly
what fly is a vector for spirurid nematodes and Morazella bovis?
face fly
what fly is the most abundant insect pest associated with livestock, poultry, and people?
Housefly (M. doestica, Muscidae)
what fly feeds on the ocular,nasal fluids, and other bodily fluids?
Housefly (M. domestica; Muscidae)
what fly is a vector for spiurid nematodes of equids, chicken tapeworm, and enteric pathogens?
Housefly (M. domestica; Muscidae)
what are the Cyclorrhapha myiasis-causing flies?
Flesh flies
Blowflies
Botflies
define obligate (primary) myiasis
larvae require a live host for food
define facultative (secondary) myiasis
larvae usually eat carrion, sometimes infest live animals
what type of myiasis do flesh flies have?
facultative and obligate myiasis
what flesh fly causes obligate myiasis in young mammals and bird?
gray flesh fly
where is the gray flesh fly located?
northern USA and Canada
what type of myiasis do blowflies have?
facultative and obligate
which blowfly is an obligate myiasis of domestic and wild animals?
new world screwworm (Cochliomyia hominivorax)
which blowfly is a facultative myiasis in sheep, other mammals, and birds?
common green bottle fly (Lucilia sericata)
what type of myiasis do botflies have?
obligate myiasis
what is the botfly that are in sheep’s noses?
Sheep nasal botfly - Oestrus ovis
what botfly causes warbles (subcutaneous cysts) in bovids, cervids, sometimes equids and humans?
Heel flies (Hypoderma spp.)
where are heel flies located?
northern hemisphere
what botflies cause gastrointestinal myiasis in equids?
Horse botflies (Gasterophilus spp.)
what botfly causes subcutaneous cysts in wild rodents and rabbits in americas?
Cuterebra spp.
what botfly causes cutaneous cuterebriasis in domestic rabbits and sometimes cats, dogs, ferrets, and humans?
Cuterebra spp.
what parasite is causing this?
Cuterebra spp. botfly
what can cause cerebrospinal cuterebriasis in cats and dogs?
Cuterebra spp. botflies
