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Parasitology > Trichomoniasis & Histomoniasis > Flashcards

Trichomoniasis & Histomoniasis Flashcards

1
Q

Are trichomonads monoxenous or heteroxenous?

A

monoxenous

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2
Q

how do Trichomonads trophozoites multiply?

A

binary fission

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3
Q

what are trichomonads symbionts of?

A

GI & urogenital tract of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians

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4
Q

what are they key structures of Trichomonads?

A

anterior flagella
undulating membrane and posterior free flagellum
axostyle

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5
Q

label the parts of a Trichomonads

A
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6
Q

describe the cyst stage of Trichomonads

A

NO thick-walled cyst stage
**unlike in Giardia
some have pseudocysts

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7
Q

what animals does Tritrichomonas foetus infect?

A

found worldwide
cattle, dogs, cats, humans, swine

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8
Q

what is the location and transmission of Tritrichomonas foetus in cattle?

A

reproductive tract
sexual/venereal transmission

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9
Q

what is the location of Tritrichomonas foetus in dogs and cats?

A

large intestine

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10
Q

what is the location of Tritrichomonas in swine

A

nasal cavity and GI tract

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11
Q

where is Tritrichomonas foetus found in female bovines?

A

vagina, uterus, uterine tubes.

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12
Q

what are the signs that a female bovine is infected with Bovine trichomoniasis?

A

Signs - infertility, early abortion, uterine discharge, pyometra.

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13
Q

when does Bovine trichomoniasis clear in female bovines?

A

infection clears within 3 months post-breeding

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14
Q

where is Bovine trichomoniasis found in males?

A

penile and preputial membranes, distal urethra

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15
Q

what type of infection do male bovines typically have with bovine trichomoniasis?

A

asymptomatic and chronic infection

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16
Q

when would a human being infected with Tritrichomonas foetus?

A

rare opportunistic infection, immunodeficient patients

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17
Q

how is Bovine Tritrichomonas diagnosed?

A

ID trophozoites in sample/culture
culture - diamond’s media; InPouch TF Bovine
PCR, lateral flow tests

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18
Q

what is the treatment for Bovine Tritrichomonas (T. foetus)

A

Ipronidazole for bulls

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19
Q

Can bulls become reinfected with Bovine Trichomoniasis?

A

yes

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20
Q

how can Bovine Trichomoniasis be prevented/controled?

A

artificial insemination - treat semen with dimetridazole
cull infected bulls and open or late-calving cows
vaccination of cows (pre-breeding)

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21
Q

what is another name for Tritrichomonas foetus?

A

Bovine Tritrichomonas

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22
Q

what is another name for Tritrichomonas blagburni?

A

feline Tritrichomonas

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23
Q

where is Tritrichomonas blagburni found?

A

found worldwide in cats large bowel
seen in cats housed in animal shelters, catteries, etc.

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24
Q

what is the transmission of Tritrichomonas blagburni?

A

fecal-oral

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25
Q

where is feline trichomoniasis location in the body?

A

colon/cecum, ileum

26
Q

what are the most common signs of Feline Trichomoniasis?

A

signs - chronic D (may have blood/mucus), flatulence, lethargy, anorexia, weight loss
some are asymptomatic

27
Q

how is feline trichomoniasis diagnosed?

A

ID trophozoites in fecal sample/culture
INPOUCH TF FELINE for culture
PCR (less common)

28
Q

what is trichomoniasis likely misidentified as?

A

Giardia

29
Q

how is feline trichomoniasis treated?

A

No drug approved by FDA
some use Ronidazole - but not approved

30
Q

how is feline trichomoniasis prevented?

A

isolation of infected cats
strict sanitation
catteries - routine disinfection of entire facility

31
Q

what is another name for Pentatrichomonas hominis?

A

canine trichomoniasis

32
Q

where is Pentatrichomonas hominis found?

A

found worldwide
in large intestine of primates, canines, felids, rodent, swine

33
Q

how is Pentatrichomonas hominis transmitted?

A

fecal-oral transmission

34
Q

what species is Pentatrichomonas hominis a common and rare commensal in?

A

common - other mammals
rare - dogs

35
Q

how is Pentatrichomonas hominis diagnosed?

A

microscopy, culture, PCR

36
Q

what is another name for Histomonas meleagridis?

A

bird trichomoniasis

37
Q

where is Histomonas meleagridis found?

A

found worldwide
infects avian ceca, can spread to liver

38
Q

what’s the Histomonas meleagridis pleomorphic form?

A

flagellated luminal form
amoeboid tissue-dwelling

39
Q

what avians is Histomonas melegridis most severe in?

A

Galliform birds - turkey

40
Q

Histomonas meleagridis transmission

A

cecal nematode (Heterakis gallinarum is vector)
cloacal drinking
possibly fecal-oral

41
Q

how do birds acquire H. meleagridis from the cecal nematode Heterakis gallinarum?

A

H. meleagridis infects Heterakis females -> infected eggs -> birds ingest earthworm carrying infected Heterakis larvae or ingest infected Heterakis eggs-> bird infected with H. meleagridis

42
Q

what allows for H. meleagridis to persist in poultry yard for long periods of time?

A

infected eggs and infected earthworms

43
Q

how does cloacal drinking occur in Histomonas meleagridis?

A

cloaca contracts infected feces -> histomonads drawn into GI tract -> ceca infection

44
Q

what happens with Histomoniasis caused by H. meleagridis?

A

necrotic lesions on cecal wall or liver
cecal perforation

45
Q

what are the signs of H. meleagridis infection?

A

lethargy, drooping wings, decreased flight, yellow diarrhea

46
Q

how is Histomonas meleagridis diagnosed?

A

gross pathology of ceca/liver
microscope exam
culture
PCR

47
Q

How is Histomoniasis treated?

A

no FDA approved drugs
Nitarsone
Nitroimidazoles

48
Q

how is Histomonas meleagridis prevented?

A

separate turkeys from chickens
control Heterakis gallinarum
get birds off ground
isolate/cull sick birds

49
Q

what is the main hosts of Trichomonas gallinae?

A

columbiform bird (pigeon and dove)

50
Q

where is Trichomonas gallinae found?

A

found worldwide (N. America pigeons)
affects upper digestive tract (oropharynx, esophagus, crop), liver in birds

51
Q

where is Trichomonas gallinae an emerging infectious disease?

A

Britain and parts of Europe in finches
finch trichomoniasis

52
Q

what is the transmission of Trichomonas gallinae?

A

infected crop milk, courtship behavior -columbiforms
ingestion of contaminated water/food - all host taxa
ingestion of infected birds - raptors

53
Q

what does Aviain Trichomoniasis cause?

A

caseous, necrotic lesions…
- upper digestive tract canker
- liver issues
mild to severe pathology

54
Q

what are the signs of a Trichomonas gallinae infection?

A

lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, salivation, caseous matter in/around mouth, foul mouth odor

55
Q

How is Trichomonas gallinae diagnosed?

A

gross pathology (caseous oral lesions)
microscope
culture - Diamond’s media; InPouch TF
PCR

56
Q

how is Trichomonas gallinae treated?

A

NO approved meds for food producing birds
carnidazole, metronidazole, other nitroimidazoles for non-food-producing birds
surgical debridement of obstructive oral lesions
supportive care

57
Q

How is Avian Trichomoniasis prevented/controlled?

A

remove, treat, or cull sick and carrier birds
disinfect bird feeders, waterers, water bowls, baths
exclude wild birds from pens, aviaries, etc.
do not feed infected carcasses to raptors
wild birds - prevent buildup of doves & pigeons at feeding station and artificial water sources

58
Q

what is this bird infected with?

A

Avian Trichomoniasis

59
Q

what type of trichomonads are common in captive reptiles?

A

intestinal trichomonads

60
Q

when can trichomoniasis cause enteric disease in captive reptiles?

A

present in large numbers
associated w/ other pathogens

61
Q

how is trichomoniasis treated in captive reptiles?

A

metronidazole

Parasitology (17 decks)

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