Trichomoniasis & Histomoniasis

Question 1

Are trichomonads monoxenous or heteroxenous?

Answer 1

monoxenous

Question 2

how do Trichomonads trophozoites multiply?

Answer 2

binary fission

Question 3

what are trichomonads symbionts of?

Answer 3

GI & urogenital tract of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians

Question 4

what are they key structures of Trichomonads?

Answer 4

anterior flagella
undulating membrane and posterior free flagellum
axostyle

Question 5

label the parts of a Trichomonads

Answer 5

Question 6

describe the cyst stage of Trichomonads

Answer 6

NO thick-walled cyst stage
**unlike in Giardia
some have pseudocysts

Question 7

what animals does Tritrichomonas foetus infect?

Answer 7

found worldwide
cattle, dogs, cats, humans, swine

Question 8

what is the location and transmission of Tritrichomonas foetus in cattle?

Answer 8

reproductive tract
sexual/venereal transmission

Question 9

what is the location of Tritrichomonas foetus in dogs and cats?

Answer 9

large intestine

Question 10

what is the location of Tritrichomonas in swine

Answer 10

nasal cavity and GI tract

Question 11

where is Tritrichomonas foetus found in female bovines?

Answer 11

vagina, uterus, uterine tubes.

Question 12

what are the signs that a female bovine is infected with Bovine trichomoniasis?

Answer 12

Signs - infertility, early abortion, uterine discharge, pyometra.

Question 13

when does Bovine trichomoniasis clear in female bovines?

Answer 13

infection clears within 3 months post-breeding

Question 14

where is Bovine trichomoniasis found in males?

Answer 14

penile and preputial membranes, distal urethra

Question 15

what type of infection do male bovines typically have with bovine trichomoniasis?

Answer 15

asymptomatic and chronic infection

Question 16

when would a human being infected with Tritrichomonas foetus?

Answer 16

rare opportunistic infection, immunodeficient patients

Question 17

how is Bovine Tritrichomonas diagnosed?

Answer 17

ID trophozoites in sample/culture
culture - diamond’s media; InPouch TF Bovine
PCR, lateral flow tests

Question 18

what is the treatment for Bovine Tritrichomonas (T. foetus)

Answer 18

Ipronidazole for bulls

Question 19

Can bulls become reinfected with Bovine Trichomoniasis?

Answer 19

yes

Question 20

how can Bovine Trichomoniasis be prevented/controled?

Answer 20

artificial insemination - treat semen with dimetridazole
cull infected bulls and open or late-calving cows
vaccination of cows (pre-breeding)

Question 21

what is another name for Tritrichomonas foetus?

Answer 21

Bovine Tritrichomonas

Question 22

what is another name for Tritrichomonas blagburni?

Answer 22

feline Tritrichomonas

Question 23

where is Tritrichomonas blagburni found?

Answer 23

found worldwide in cats large bowel
seen in cats housed in animal shelters, catteries, etc.

Question 24

what is the transmission of Tritrichomonas blagburni?

Answer 24

fecal-oral

Question 25

where is feline trichomoniasis location in the body?

Answer 25

colon/cecum, ileum

Question 26

what are the most common signs of Feline Trichomoniasis?

Answer 26

signs - chronic D (may have blood/mucus), flatulence, lethargy, anorexia, weight loss some are asymptomatic

Question 27

how is feline trichomoniasis diagnosed?

Answer 27

ID trophozoites in fecal sample/culture ***INPOUCH TF FELINE for culture*** PCR (less common)

Question 28

what is trichomoniasis likely misidentified as?

Answer 28

Giardia

Question 29

how is feline trichomoniasis treated?

Answer 29

No drug approved by FDA some use Ronidazole - but not approved

Question 30

how is feline trichomoniasis prevented?

Answer 30

isolation of infected cats strict sanitation catteries - routine disinfection of entire facility

Question 31

what is another name for Pentatrichomonas hominis?

Answer 31

canine trichomoniasis

Question 32

where is Pentatrichomonas hominis found?

Answer 32

found worldwide in large intestine of primates, canines, felids, rodent, swine

Question 33

how is Pentatrichomonas hominis transmitted?

Answer 33

fecal-oral transmission

Question 34

what species is Pentatrichomonas hominis a common and rare commensal in?

Answer 34

common - other mammals rare - dogs

Question 35

how is Pentatrichomonas hominis diagnosed?

Answer 35

microscopy, culture, PCR

Question 36

what is another name for Histomonas meleagridis?

Answer 36

bird trichomoniasis

Question 37

where is Histomonas meleagridis found?

Answer 37

found worldwide ***infects avian ceca***, can spread to liver

Question 38

what's the Histomonas meleagridis pleomorphic form?

Answer 38

flagellated luminal form amoeboid tissue-dwelling

Question 39

what avians is Histomonas melegridis most severe in?

Answer 39

Galliform birds - turkey

Question 40

Histomonas meleagridis transmission

Answer 40

cecal nematode (Heterakis gallinarum is vector) ***cloacal drinking*** possibly fecal-oral

Question 41

how do birds acquire H. meleagridis from the cecal nematode Heterakis gallinarum?

Answer 41

H. meleagridis infects Heterakis females -> infected eggs -> birds ingest earthworm carrying infected Heterakis larvae or ingest infected Heterakis eggs-> bird infected with H. meleagridis

Question 42

what allows for H. meleagridis to persist in poultry yard for long periods of time?

Answer 42

infected eggs and infected earthworms

Question 43

how does cloacal drinking occur in Histomonas meleagridis?

Answer 43

cloaca contracts infected feces -> histomonads drawn into GI tract -> ceca infection

Question 44

what happens with Histomoniasis caused by H. meleagridis?

Answer 44

necrotic lesions on cecal wall or liver cecal perforation

Question 45

what are the signs of H. meleagridis infection?

Answer 45

lethargy, drooping wings, decreased flight, yellow diarrhea

Question 46

how is Histomonas meleagridis diagnosed?

Answer 46

gross pathology of ceca/liver microscope exam culture PCR

Question 47

How is Histomoniasis treated?

Answer 47

no FDA approved drugs Nitarsone Nitroimidazoles

Question 48

how is Histomonas meleagridis prevented?

Answer 48

separate turkeys from chickens control Heterakis gallinarum get birds off ground isolate/cull sick birds

Question 49

what is the main hosts of Trichomonas gallinae?

Answer 49

columbiform bird (pigeon and dove)

Question 50

where is Trichomonas gallinae found?

Answer 50

found worldwide (N. America pigeons) affects upper digestive tract (oropharynx, esophagus, crop), liver in birds

Question 51

where is Trichomonas gallinae an emerging infectious disease?

Answer 51

Britain and parts of Europe in finches finch trichomoniasis

Question 52

what is the transmission of Trichomonas gallinae?

Answer 52

infected crop milk, courtship behavior -columbiforms ingestion of contaminated water/food - all host taxa ingestion of infected birds - raptors

Question 53

what does Aviain Trichomoniasis cause?

Answer 53

caseous, necrotic lesions... - upper digestive tract canker - liver issues mild to severe pathology

Question 54

what are the signs of a Trichomonas gallinae infection?

Answer 54

lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, salivation, caseous matter in/around mouth, foul mouth odor

Question 55

How is Trichomonas gallinae diagnosed?

Answer 55

gross pathology (caseous oral lesions) microscope culture - Diamond's media; InPouch TF PCR

Question 56

how is Trichomonas gallinae treated?

Answer 56

NO approved meds for food producing birds carnidazole, metronidazole, other nitroimidazoles for non-food-producing birds surgical debridement of obstructive oral lesions supportive care

Question 57

How is Avian Trichomoniasis prevented/controlled?

Answer 57

remove, treat, or cull sick and carrier birds disinfect bird feeders, waterers, water bowls, baths exclude wild birds from pens, aviaries, etc. do not feed infected carcasses to raptors wild birds - prevent buildup of doves & pigeons at feeding station and artificial water sources

Question 58

what is this bird infected with?

Answer 58

Avian Trichomoniasis

Question 59

what type of trichomonads are common in captive reptiles?

Answer 59

intestinal trichomonads

Question 60

when can trichomoniasis cause enteric disease in captive reptiles?

Answer 60

present in large numbers associated w/ other pathogens

Question 61

how is trichomoniasis treated in captive reptiles?

Answer 61

metronidazole