Trichomoniasis & Histomoniasis Flashcards
Are trichomonads monoxenous or heteroxenous?
monoxenous
how do Trichomonads trophozoites multiply?
binary fission
what are trichomonads symbionts of?
GI & urogenital tract of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians
what are they key structures of Trichomonads?
anterior flagella
undulating membrane and posterior free flagellum
axostyle
label the parts of a Trichomonads
describe the cyst stage of Trichomonads
NO thick-walled cyst stage
**unlike in Giardia
some have pseudocysts
what animals does Tritrichomonas foetus infect?
found worldwide
cattle, dogs, cats, humans, swine
what is the location and transmission of Tritrichomonas foetus in cattle?
reproductive tract
sexual/venereal transmission
what is the location of Tritrichomonas foetus in dogs and cats?
large intestine
what is the location of Tritrichomonas in swine
nasal cavity and GI tract
where is Tritrichomonas foetus found in female bovines?
vagina, uterus, uterine tubes.
what are the signs that a female bovine is infected with Bovine trichomoniasis?
Signs - infertility, early abortion, uterine discharge, pyometra.
when does Bovine trichomoniasis clear in female bovines?
infection clears within 3 months post-breeding
where is Bovine trichomoniasis found in males?
penile and preputial membranes, distal urethra
what type of infection do male bovines typically have with bovine trichomoniasis?
asymptomatic and chronic infection
when would a human being infected with Tritrichomonas foetus?
rare opportunistic infection, immunodeficient patients
how is Bovine Tritrichomonas diagnosed?
ID trophozoites in sample/culture
culture - diamond’s media; InPouch TF Bovine
PCR, lateral flow tests
what is the treatment for Bovine Tritrichomonas (T. foetus)
Ipronidazole for bulls
Can bulls become reinfected with Bovine Trichomoniasis?
yes
how can Bovine Trichomoniasis be prevented/controled?
artificial insemination - treat semen with dimetridazole
cull infected bulls and open or late-calving cows
vaccination of cows (pre-breeding)
what is another name for Tritrichomonas foetus?
Bovine Tritrichomonas
what is another name for Tritrichomonas blagburni?
feline Tritrichomonas
where is Tritrichomonas blagburni found?
found worldwide in cats large bowel
seen in cats housed in animal shelters, catteries, etc.
what is the transmission of Tritrichomonas blagburni?
fecal-oral
where is feline trichomoniasis location in the body?
colon/cecum, ileum
what are the most common signs of Feline Trichomoniasis?
signs - chronic D (may have blood/mucus), flatulence, lethargy, anorexia, weight loss
some are asymptomatic
how is feline trichomoniasis diagnosed?
ID trophozoites in fecal sample/culture
INPOUCH TF FELINE for culture
PCR (less common)
what is trichomoniasis likely misidentified as?
Giardia
how is feline trichomoniasis treated?
No drug approved by FDA
some use Ronidazole - but not approved
how is feline trichomoniasis prevented?
isolation of infected cats
strict sanitation
catteries - routine disinfection of entire facility
what is another name for Pentatrichomonas hominis?
canine trichomoniasis
where is Pentatrichomonas hominis found?
found worldwide
in large intestine of primates, canines, felids, rodent, swine
how is Pentatrichomonas hominis transmitted?
fecal-oral transmission
what species is Pentatrichomonas hominis a common and rare commensal in?
common - other mammals
rare - dogs
how is Pentatrichomonas hominis diagnosed?
microscopy, culture, PCR
what is another name for Histomonas meleagridis?
bird trichomoniasis
where is Histomonas meleagridis found?
found worldwide
infects avian ceca, can spread to liver
what’s the Histomonas meleagridis pleomorphic form?
flagellated luminal form
amoeboid tissue-dwelling
what avians is Histomonas melegridis most severe in?
Galliform birds - turkey
Histomonas meleagridis transmission
cecal nematode (Heterakis gallinarum is vector)
cloacal drinking
possibly fecal-oral
how do birds acquire H. meleagridis from the cecal nematode Heterakis gallinarum?
H. meleagridis infects Heterakis females -> infected eggs -> birds ingest earthworm carrying infected Heterakis larvae or ingest infected Heterakis eggs-> bird infected with H. meleagridis
what allows for H. meleagridis to persist in poultry yard for long periods of time?
infected eggs and infected earthworms
how does cloacal drinking occur in Histomonas meleagridis?
cloaca contracts infected feces -> histomonads drawn into GI tract -> ceca infection
what happens with Histomoniasis caused by H. meleagridis?
necrotic lesions on cecal wall or liver
cecal perforation
what are the signs of H. meleagridis infection?
lethargy, drooping wings, decreased flight, yellow diarrhea
how is Histomonas meleagridis diagnosed?
gross pathology of ceca/liver
microscope exam
culture
PCR
How is Histomoniasis treated?
no FDA approved drugs
Nitarsone
Nitroimidazoles
how is Histomonas meleagridis prevented?
separate turkeys from chickens
control Heterakis gallinarum
get birds off ground
isolate/cull sick birds
what is the main hosts of Trichomonas gallinae?
columbiform bird (pigeon and dove)
where is Trichomonas gallinae found?
found worldwide (N. America pigeons)
affects upper digestive tract (oropharynx, esophagus, crop), liver in birds
where is Trichomonas gallinae an emerging infectious disease?
Britain and parts of Europe in finches
finch trichomoniasis
what is the transmission of Trichomonas gallinae?
infected crop milk, courtship behavior -columbiforms
ingestion of contaminated water/food - all host taxa
ingestion of infected birds - raptors
what does Aviain Trichomoniasis cause?
caseous, necrotic lesions…
- upper digestive tract canker
- liver issues
mild to severe pathology
what are the signs of a Trichomonas gallinae infection?
lethargy, anorexia, weight loss, salivation, caseous matter in/around mouth, foul mouth odor
How is Trichomonas gallinae diagnosed?
gross pathology (caseous oral lesions)
microscope
culture - Diamond’s media; InPouch TF
PCR
how is Trichomonas gallinae treated?
NO approved meds for food producing birds
carnidazole, metronidazole, other nitroimidazoles for non-food-producing birds
surgical debridement of obstructive oral lesions
supportive care
How is Avian Trichomoniasis prevented/controlled?
remove, treat, or cull sick and carrier birds
disinfect bird feeders, waterers, water bowls, baths
exclude wild birds from pens, aviaries, etc.
do not feed infected carcasses to raptors
wild birds - prevent buildup of doves & pigeons at feeding station and artificial water sources
what is this bird infected with?
Avian Trichomoniasis
what type of trichomonads are common in captive reptiles?
intestinal trichomonads
when can trichomoniasis cause enteric disease in captive reptiles?
present in large numbers
associated w/ other pathogens
how is trichomoniasis treated in captive reptiles?
metronidazole
