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Parasitology > Piroplasmosis & Haemosporidosis > Flashcards

Piroplasmosis & Haemosporidosis Flashcards

1
Q

what type of parasite is Piroplasmids?

A

obligate intracellular

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2
Q

what type of life cycle does Piroplasmids have?

A

indirect

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3
Q

who is the definitive host/vector of Piroplasmids?

A

TICKS
USUALLY IXODID

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4
Q

who are intermediate hosts of Piroplasmids?

A

mammals, birds

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5
Q

what part of the Piroplasmids life cycle is done by ticks?

A

gametogeny, fertilization, sprorogeny
sporozoites develop in tick salivary glands to enter host

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6
Q

what part of Piroplasmids life cycle is done by intermediate host?

A

schizogeny

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7
Q

what are the main species of Piroplasmids in intermediate hosts?

A

Babesia
Theileria and Cytauxzoon
Piroplasms

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8
Q

where does multiplication of Babesia occur?

A

erythrocytes of intermediate host

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9
Q

where does multiplication of Theileria and Cytauxzoon occur?

A
  1. exoerythrocytic in leukocytes
  2. erythrocytes
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10
Q

what are piroplasms?

A

intraerythrocytic stages of Piroplasmids

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11
Q

Babesia spp epidemiology

A

host specific
usually restricted to 1-2 tick species in a given geographic region

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12
Q

what type of transmission is Babesia spp?

A

transovarial
aka female tick passes to offspring

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13
Q

describe the erythrocytic cycle of Babesia spp

A

sporozoite infects RBC -> piroplasms divide in RBC -> merozoites
repeating cycle

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14
Q

what is B. canis and B. gibsoni?

A

canine Babesiosis

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15
Q

how is B. canis typically transmitted in the US?

A

vector (Ripicephalus sanguineus)

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16
Q

how is B. gibsoni typically transmitted in the US?

A

direct transmisison via infected blood (dogfight)

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17
Q

who is often a carrier of Babesia canis and gibsoni?

A

recovering animals (treated and untreated)

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18
Q

what is B. bigemina and B. bovis?

A

bovine Babesiosis

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19
Q

where is B. bovis and B. bigemina mostly prevelent?

A

subtropics and tropics

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20
Q

which is more pathogenic, B. bovis or B. bigemina?

A

B. bovis
causes hypotensive shock, CNS damage

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21
Q

B. bigemina and B. bovis signs

A

hemolytic anemia, fever, anorexia, muscle tremor, tachycardia
can be fatal

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22
Q

how could you diagnose Babesiosis?

A

clinical signs, HISTORY, ID piroplasms in blood smear (acute phase), serology, PCR

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23
Q

Theileria spp epidemiology

A

typically in ruminants
host specific

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24
Q

does transovarial transmission occur in Theileria spp?

A

NO

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25
Q

describe the exoerythrocytic phase of Theileria spp?

A

sporozoites infect WBC -> schizonts divide within WBC -> merozoites -> WBC lyse, release merozoites to RBC -> become piroplasms

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26
Q

what are the two phases of Theileria spp?

A

exoerythrocytic
erythrocytic

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27
Q

describe the erythrocytic phase of Theileria spp

A

piroplasms divide -> merozoites -> RBC lyse -> infect more RBC

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28
Q

what is T. equi?

A

horse Theileria

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29
Q

where has T. equi has re-emerged?

A

US (FL, MO) - iatrogenic

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30
Q

T. equi disease conditions

A

hemolytic anemia, fever, malaise, elevated RR and HR, can be fatal
transplacental transmission can cause abortion or neonate malformation

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31
Q

what is T. parva?

A

bovine theileriosis
highly pathogenic

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32
Q

how would you diagnose Theileriosis?

A

ID schizonts for bovine
ID piroplasms in necropsy
serology
PCR

33
Q

Cytauxzoon felis epidemiology

A

wild/domestic felids
on N/S America, Asia

34
Q

what’s the main vector of Cytauxzoon felis in USA?

A

Amblyomma americanum

35
Q

what are the two cycles of Cytauxzoon felis?

A

exoerythrocytic and erythrocytic

36
Q

describe the exoerythrocytic cycle for Cytauxzoon felis

A

schizont-enlarged macrophages in domestic cats occlude vasculature
causes “parasitic thrombi” in lungs, spleen, lymph node

37
Q

describe the erythrocytic cycle of Cytauxzoon felis

A

causes hemolytic anemia to develop in domestic cats

38
Q

how would you diagnose Cytauxzoonosis?

A

ID schizonts
observe piroplams in blood smears

39
Q

what type of parasite is Haemosporids? what type of life cycle?

A

obligate intracellular with indirect life cycle

40
Q

Haemosporids definitive hosts/vectors

A

biting flies

41
Q

Haemosporids intermediate hosts

A

tetrapods

42
Q

describe the life cycle of Haemosporids that occur in the biting fly

A

gametogeny, fertilization, sporogeny
sporozoites develop in midgut wall -> salivary glands then to vertebrate host

43
Q

describe the life cycle of Haemosporids in vertebrate intermediate hosts

A

schizogeny
exoerythrocytic AND erythrocytic cycles

44
Q

describe the erythrocytic cycle of Plasmodium

A

multiplication and formation of gametocytes in RBC

45
Q

describe the erythrocytic cycle of Leucocytooon

A

NO multiplication
only gametocytes form in RBC

46
Q

describe the erythrocytic cycle in Haemoproteus

A

NO multiplication
only gametocytes form in RBC

47
Q

Plasmodium epidemiology

A

reptiles, birds, mammals
host specific

48
Q

Plasmodium vector for mammals, birds, reptiles

A

mosquito

49
Q

describe the exoerythrocytic phase for Plasmodium

A

hepatocytes (mammals) and macrophages/vascular endothelial cells (birds/reptiles) of hosts lyse -> merozoites infect RBC -> develop into trophozoites

50
Q

describe the erythrocytic phase of Plasmodium

A

trophozoites produce merozoites -> RBC lyse -> merozoites infect more RBC

51
Q

what is P. gallinaceum?

A

Plasmodium of poultry

52
Q

where is P. gallinaceum found?

A

Africa and Asia

53
Q

P. gallinaceum has ___ mortality in indigenous breeds and ___ mortality in commercial breeds

A

LOW
HIGH

54
Q

P. gallinaceum symptoms

A

weakness, dyspnea, anemia, abnormal distension, ocular hemorrhage, BILIVERDINURIA

55
Q

what is P. relictum?

A

birds P. relictum
>400 bird species
in captive penguins, N. American songbirds

56
Q

P. relictum is ___ disease and ___ mortality in captive penguins

A

severe
high

57
Q

what two main Plasmodium species cause Avian Malaria?

A

P. gallinaceum and P. relictum

58
Q

Leucocytozoon epidemiology

A

avian parasite
host specific

59
Q

what are the vectors of Leucocytozoon?

A

mainly blackflies
some midges

60
Q

describe the exoerythrocytic cycle of Leucocytozoon

A

hepatocytes, vascular endothelial cells, macrophages lyse -> merozoites infect mononuclear leukocytes and RBC -> become gametocytes

61
Q

describe the erythrocytic cycle of Leucocytozoon

A

gametocytes enlarge, distort host RBC and leukocytes -> occlude capillaries -> ischemia and tissue necrosis

62
Q

what is L. simondi?

A

Leucocytozoon of domestic and wild ducks and geese

63
Q

where does L. simondi mainly occur?

A

Holarctic region

64
Q

L. simondi signs

A

anemia, leukocytosis, tachypnea, hepatosplenomegaly, biliverdinuria, CNS signs

65
Q

what is L. smithi?

A

Leucocytozoon of domestic and wild turkeys

66
Q

where does L. smithi mainly occur?

A

Nearctic region

67
Q

Haemoproteus epidemiology

A

parasite of birds, reptiles, amphibians
host specific

68
Q

what are the main vectors of Haemoproteus?

A

midges, hippoboscid flies = for birds
tabanid flies = for reptiles

69
Q

describe the exoerythrocytic cycle for Haemoproteus in birds

A

vascular endothelial cells and macrophages, and some muscle fibers are lysed -> merozoites infect RBC -> develop into gametocytes

70
Q

describe the exerythrocytic cycle for Haemoproteus in reptiles

A

macrophages lysed and infect RBC to develop gametocytes

71
Q

describe the erythrocytic cycle for Haemoproteus

A

gametocytes elongate, curve around RBC/nucleus
may cause anemia in birds

72
Q

what is H. lophortyx?

A

Haemoproteosis in New World quail
mainly in young

73
Q

H. lophortyx signs

A

anemia, myopathy, NS damage, death

74
Q

H. lophortyx in wild California quail

A

usually subclinical

75
Q

what is H. meleagridis?

A

Haemoproteosis in domestic and wild turkey of N America

76
Q

how to diagnose Avian Haemosporidiosis

A

ID RBC infecting stages in blood smear
ID schizonts in tissue smear
serology

77
Q

how to treat Plasmodium and Haemoproteus

A

chloroquine…anti-malaria drugs

78
Q

how to treat Leucocytozoonosis

A

clopidol
*oral vaccine in development

Parasitology (17 decks)

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