Introduction Lecture

Question 1

when labeling with scientific name which part is capitalized, which part is lowercase, and which parts are italicized?

Answer 1

capitalized - genus
lowercase - species
italicized - both parts

Question 2

when placing animals into taxa it is based on shared characteristics what does this do for the groups?

Answer 2

places them into groups that share common characteristics

Question 3

what part of the tick is this?

Answer 3

Question 4

what part of the tick is this?

Answer 4

Question 5

Use the dichotomous key to determine the genus of the ticks

Answer 5

Question 6

define symbiosis

Answer 6

a living together

Question 7

define mutualism

Answer 7

protozoan and host benefit from eachother

Question 8

what are the 3 types of symbiosis

Answer 8

mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

Question 9

define commensalism

Answer 9

protozoan benefits, host neither helped nor harmed

Question 10

define parasitism

Answer 10

protozoan benefits, host harmed

Question 11

what are the 3 broad classes of parasites?

Answer 11

protozoans, helminths, arthropods

Question 12

what is found in the group helminths

Answer 12

nematodes (roundworms)
tapeworms
flukes

Question 13

define host specific

Answer 13

parasite found w/in specific genus or species

Question 14

define site specificity

Answer 14

parasite found in certain environment

Question 15

what are the two sites of specificity in a broad sense

Answer 15

ectoparasites
endoparasites

Question 16

define ectoparasites

Answer 16

infest skin, hair, feather, etc.
outside host

Question 17

define endoparasites

Answer 17

infect internal organs and tissues
inside host

Question 18

what type of parasites infect and what type of parasites infest?

Answer 18

infect - endoparasites
infest - ectoparasites

Question 19

what is the site of specificity in a narrow sense

Answer 19

predilection site

Question 20

define predilection site

Answer 20

where the parasite prefers to be

Question 21

Can the predilection site of a parasite change during its life cycle?

Answer 21

yes

Question 22

Give an example of the predilection site changing throughout the life cycle using Strongylus vulgaris

Answer 22

4th stage larvae - cranial mesenteric artery
Adult worms - attach to mucosa of equine colon & cecum

Question 23

what are some of the diverse adaptations parasite have for feeding?

Answer 23

-piercing/sucking mouthparts
-release anticoagulants and vasodilators during hematophagy
-hooks, sucker, spine and other holdfast organs
-absorb nutrients across parasite’s outer surface

Question 24

define hematophagy

Answer 24

animals feeding on blood of other animals

Question 25

what are some of the deterrents against host defense?

Answer 25

-acid & enzyme resistant eggs, cysts, larval stages, etc.
-avoid immune response
-counter immune response

Question 26

how do some parasites avoid immune responses?

Answer 26

antigenic variation, intracellular habitat, and encystment w/in host

Question 27

how do some parasites counter immune response?

Answer 27

Immunomodulation, kill immune cells, cleave antibodies, etc.

Question 28

what type of adaptation do parasites have to have high reproductive potential?

Answer 28

asexual reproduction, hermaphroditism (having both sex organs), high output of eggs, cysts, etc.

Question 29

what adaptations to hosts have to ensure successful reproduction and transmission?

Answer 29

-high reproductive potential
-environmentally resistant eggs or cysts
-host-seeking behavior
-altering host behavior

Question 30

what are the modes of parasite transmission?

Answer 30

-ingestion of eggs/cysts/larvae in food, water, etc.
-direct contact between hosts
-transplacental; transmammary
-penetration of skin or mucous membranes
-vector transmission

Question 31

define zoonosis

Answer 31

infectious disease of non-human animals transmitted to humans

Question 32

how many zoonotic parasites are there - tens, hundreds, thousands, or millions?

Answer 32

hundreds

Question 33

which is commensalism and parasitism?

Answer 33

8 nuclei - commensalism
4 nuclei - parasitism