Introduction Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

when labeling with scientific name which part is capitalized, which part is lowercase, and which parts are italicized?

A

capitalized - genus
lowercase - species
italicized - both parts

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2
Q

when placing animals into taxa it is based on shared characteristics what does this do for the groups?

A

places them into groups that share common characteristics

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3
Q

what part of the tick is this?

A
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4
Q

what part of the tick is this?

A
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5
Q

Use the dichotomous key to determine the genus of the ticks

A
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6
Q

define symbiosis

A

a living together

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7
Q

define mutualism

A

protozoan and host benefit from eachother

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8
Q

what are the 3 types of symbiosis

A

mutualism, commensalism, parasitism

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9
Q

define commensalism

A

protozoan benefits, host neither helped nor harmed

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10
Q

define parasitism

A

protozoan benefits, host harmed

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11
Q

what are the 3 broad classes of parasites?

A

protozoans, helminths, arthropods

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12
Q

what is found in the group helminths

A

nematodes (roundworms)
tapeworms
flukes

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13
Q

define host specific

A

parasite found w/in specific genus or species

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14
Q

define site specificity

A

parasite found in certain environment

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15
Q

what are the two sites of specificity in a broad sense

A

ectoparasites
endoparasites

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16
Q

define ectoparasites

A

infest skin, hair, feather, etc.
outside host

17
Q

define endoparasites

A

infect internal organs and tissues
inside host

18
Q

what type of parasites infect and what type of parasites infest?

A

infect - endoparasites
infest - ectoparasites

19
Q

what is the site of specificity in a narrow sense

A

predilection site

20
Q

define predilection site

A

where the parasite prefers to be

21
Q

Can the predilection site of a parasite change during its life cycle?

22
Q

Give an example of the predilection site changing throughout the life cycle using Strongylus vulgaris

A

4th stage larvae - cranial mesenteric artery
Adult worms - attach to mucosa of equine colon & cecum

23
Q

what are some of the diverse adaptations parasite have for feeding?

A

-piercing/sucking mouthparts
-release anticoagulants and vasodilators during hematophagy
-hooks, sucker, spine and other holdfast organs
-absorb nutrients across parasite’s outer surface

24
Q

define hematophagy

A

animals feeding on blood of other animals

25
what are some of the deterrents against host defense?
-acid & enzyme resistant eggs, cysts, larval stages, etc. -avoid immune response -counter immune response
26
how do some parasites avoid immune responses?
antigenic variation, intracellular habitat, and encystment w/in host
27
how do some parasites counter immune response?
Immunomodulation, kill immune cells, cleave antibodies, etc.
28
what type of adaptation do parasites have to have high reproductive potential?
asexual reproduction, hermaphroditism (having both sex organs), high output of eggs, cysts, etc.
29
what adaptations to hosts have to ensure successful reproduction and transmission?
-high reproductive potential -environmentally resistant eggs or cysts -host-seeking behavior -altering host behavior
30
what are the modes of parasite transmission?
-ingestion of eggs/cysts/larvae in food, water, etc. -direct contact between hosts -transplacental; transmammary -penetration of skin or mucous membranes -vector transmission
31
define zoonosis
infectious disease of non-human animals transmitted to humans
32
how many zoonotic parasites are there - tens, hundreds, thousands, or millions?
hundreds
33
which is commensalism and parasitism?
8 nuclei - commensalism 4 nuclei - parasitism