Introduction Lecture Flashcards
when labeling with scientific name which part is capitalized, which part is lowercase, and which parts are italicized?
capitalized - genus
lowercase - species
italicized - both parts
when placing animals into taxa it is based on shared characteristics what does this do for the groups?
places them into groups that share common characteristics
what part of the tick is this?
what part of the tick is this?
Use the dichotomous key to determine the genus of the ticks
define symbiosis
a living together
define mutualism
protozoan and host benefit from eachother
what are the 3 types of symbiosis
mutualism, commensalism, parasitism
define commensalism
protozoan benefits, host neither helped nor harmed
define parasitism
protozoan benefits, host harmed
what are the 3 broad classes of parasites?
protozoans, helminths, arthropods
what is found in the group helminths
nematodes (roundworms)
tapeworms
flukes
define host specific
parasite found w/in specific genus or species
define site specificity
parasite found in certain environment
what are the two sites of specificity in a broad sense
ectoparasites
endoparasites
define ectoparasites
infest skin, hair, feather, etc.
outside host
define endoparasites
infect internal organs and tissues
inside host
what type of parasites infect and what type of parasites infest?
infect - endoparasites
infest - ectoparasites
what is the site of specificity in a narrow sense
predilection site
define predilection site
where the parasite prefers to be
Can the predilection site of a parasite change during its life cycle?
yes
Give an example of the predilection site changing throughout the life cycle using Strongylus vulgaris
4th stage larvae - cranial mesenteric artery
Adult worms - attach to mucosa of equine colon & cecum
what are some of the diverse adaptations parasite have for feeding?
-piercing/sucking mouthparts
-release anticoagulants and vasodilators during hematophagy
-hooks, sucker, spine and other holdfast organs
-absorb nutrients across parasite’s outer surface
define hematophagy
animals feeding on blood of other animals
what are some of the deterrents against host defense?
-acid & enzyme resistant eggs, cysts, larval stages, etc.
-avoid immune response
-counter immune response
how do some parasites avoid immune responses?
antigenic variation, intracellular habitat, and encystment w/in host
how do some parasites counter immune response?
Immunomodulation, kill immune cells, cleave antibodies, etc.
what type of adaptation do parasites have to have high reproductive potential?
asexual reproduction, hermaphroditism (having both sex organs), high output of eggs, cysts, etc.
what adaptations to hosts have to ensure successful reproduction and transmission?
-high reproductive potential
-environmentally resistant eggs or cysts
-host-seeking behavior
-altering host behavior
what are the modes of parasite transmission?
-ingestion of eggs/cysts/larvae in food, water, etc.
-direct contact between hosts
-transplacental; transmammary
-penetration of skin or mucous membranes
-vector transmission
define zoonosis
infectious disease of non-human animals transmitted to humans
how many zoonotic parasites are there - tens, hundreds, thousands, or millions?
hundreds
which is commensalism and parasitism?
8 nuclei - commensalism
4 nuclei - parasitism
