Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Parasitology > Pathogenesis of Parasitic Diseases > Flashcards

Pathogenesis of Parasitic Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Do all parasite infections result in disease?

A

no they can be subclinical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

define subclinical infections

A

lack signs/symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what does the likelihood and severity of parasitic disease depend on?

A

-status of host defenses
-number of parasites present
-parasite pathogenicity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are mixed infections?

A

infections from multiple parasites at the same time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what effect do mixed infections have on the host?

A

additive pathogenic effects

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is this an example?

A

mixed infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what might pathology result from in a parasite infection?

A

-damage to &/or loss of host cells, tissues, and organs
-alteration of host cellular growth patterns
-interference with host nutrition
-toxins released by the parasites
-host immune response to infection/infestation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How can parasites cause damage to &/or loss of host cells, tissues, and organs?

A

-destruction/loss due to migrating, developing, feeding, or reproducing stages
-obstruction of hollow structures by worms
-compression or distension of structure by larval or adult worms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How can parasites cause alteration of host cellular growth patterns?

A

cellular hypertrophy
hyperplasia
metaplasia
neoplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

define cellular hypertrophy

A

an increase in cell size without an increase in cell number

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

define hyperplasia

A

increased cell production in a normal tissue or organ -> enlargement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

define metaplasia

A

cells replaced with cells of another type

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

define neoplasia

A

uncontrolled, abnormal growth of cells or tissues in the body -> development of a tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is a parasite that causes cellular hypertrophy? (name and location of condition)

A

cardiomyocytes and Trypanosma cruzi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is a parasite that causes hyperplasia? (name and location of condition)

A

abomasal mucous neck cells and Ostertagia ostertagi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what is a parasite that causes metaplasia? (name and location of condition)

A

skeletal muscle fibers & Trichinella spiralis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is a parasite that causes neoplasia? (name and location of condition)

A

esophageal sarcoma (dogs) & Spirocera lupi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what type of parasites causes hyperplasia, metaplasia, and neoplasia?

A

nematodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How can parasites cause interference with host nutrition?

A

-diversion of nutrients to parasite
-malabsorption of nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what is a parasite that diverts nutrients to itself? (Action and name)

A

ingestion of chyme - Ascaris suum
absorption of vitamins - Dubthricephalus latus & V B12

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what is a parasite that causes malabsorption of nutrients? (name)

A

Giardia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is a toxin that is produced by plasmodium (malarium)? what is it?

A

Hemozoin - crystallized dimers of heme

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what does Hemozoin do to the host?

A

impairs phagocytic function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

How is Hemozoin created within the host?

A

Plasmodium parasites absorb/digest hemoglobin and produce Hemozoin as a result

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
How does hemozoin impair phagocytic function?
macrophages and other phagocytes ingest hemozoin and become impaired
26
what are the types of cells that hemozoin infects?
phagocytes and RBCS
27
How can parasites cause host immune response to the infection/infestation that results in pathology?
-parasite-induced immunopathology -flea allergy dermatitis
28
what is parasite-induced immunopathology?
damage that occurs as a result of an inappropriate immune response to infection or infestation
29
what is flea allergy dermatitis?
hypersensitivity to allergens in flea saliva
30
what type is hypersensitivity is flea allergy dermatitis?
types I, IV, cutaneous basophil
31
what is an example of a parasite that causes behavioral changes that facilitate transmission of parasites?
Taenia multiceps - tapeworm
32
How does Taenia multiceps cause behavioral changes that facilitate transmission of parasites?
Coenurus (larval stage) reside in the brain of the sheep -> gid (ataxia, circling, etc) -> easy prey for canids (facilitating transmission)
33
what are the two reasons for behavioral changes from parasites?
-facilitate transmission -mere side effects of infection
34
what is an example of a parasite that causes behavioral changes that are a mere side effect of infection?
Oestrus ovis - sheep nasal botfly
35
How do Oestrus ovis cause behavioral changes?
larvae infect nasal/paranasal sinuses of sheep -> rarely migrate into brain -> false gid -> easy prey, but larval botflies die
36
Define virulence factors
factors that confer pathogenicity
37
what are examples of parasitic protozoa and their virulence factors?
Plasmodium spp. - hemozoin Leishmania spp. - proteases Toxoplasma gondii - kinase
38
How are proteases in Leishmania spp. a virulence factor?
tissues invasion -> survival in microphages -> immune modulation by parasite
39
How are kinases in Toxoplasma gondii a virulence factor?
disrupt host cell signaling, immunomodulation by parasite
40
what are examples of metazoan parasite and their virulence factors?
- nematodes, tapeworms, trematodes, ticks, mosquitoes, other ectoparasites -> proteases - blood-feeding helminths & ectoparasites -> anticoagulants -helminths -> excretory/secretory products
41
How are proteases a virulence factor in metazoan parasites?
-nematodes, tapeworms, trematodes -> tissue invasion; immune modulation - ticks, mosquitoes, other ectoparasites -> diminish pain at bite wound
42
what are some of the excretory/secretory products of helminths?
proteins, glycoproteins, peptides, glycans, glycolipids, eicosanoids, etc.
43
How are excretory/secretory products of helminths a virulence factor?
function in immune modulation by parasite
44
what affects the likelihood and extent of parasitic diease?
host factors
45
What are some host factors affecting the likelihood & extent of parasitic disease?
age, sex/reproductive condition, nutritional state, immunological competency, genotype
46
what age of hosts are the most at risk for parasitic diseases?
young and geriatric hosts
47
what sex generally carries more parasites?
males
48
who is more susceptible to parasitic disease - pregnant, postpartum, & lactating females or non-reproductive females?
pregnant, postpartum, & lactating females
49
How does nutritional state affect the likelihood and extent of parasitic disease?
malnourishment -> decreased resistance & resilience
50
how does having prior exposure to a parasite affect the likelihood and extent of parasitic disease?
prior exposure -> partial immunity ->reduced number, migration, development, and reproduction of parasites
51
Define premunition
partial immunity do to chronic, low-level infection; protects host against superinfection and more severe pathology
52
define superinfection
Infectious process in which a second infection develops additionally
53
what are the factors that contribute to immunological competency?
-immunodeficient vs immunocompetent hosts -prior exposure -immunization statue
54
How does genotype effect the extent of parasitic disease?
a host's resistance to infection has a genetic component
55
what are the factors that influence pathogenic potential of a parasite?
-predilection site -migratory pathway -sites of parasite development -feeding habits -immunopathology -transmission of other infectious agents
56
what does Ostertagia ostertagi cause?
chronic abomastitis in young cattle
57
what is the predilection site of Ostertagia ostertagi?
abomasum
58
what is the migratory pathway of Ostertagia ostertagi?
local (w/in abomasum)
59
what is the site of parasite development of Ostertagia ostertagi?
gastric glands of abomasum
60
what are the feeding habits of Ostertagia ostertagi?
adults feed on abosmasal contents and epithelial tissues
61
what is the immunopathology of Ostertagia ostertagi?
inflammation induced by larvae & adults
62
what is the transmission of other infectious agents for Ostertagia ostertagi?
none
63
what phase of Ostertagia ostertagi grows in the parietal and chief cells?
larva
64
what does Ostertagia ostertagi do to the parietal and chief cells in the abomasum?
erodes parietal & chief cells -> inc pH, dec pepsin
65
what do emerging adults of Ostertagia ostertagi do to the abomasum?
further damage epithelium
66
what are the consequences of emerging adults of Ostertagia ostertagi in the abomasum?
loss of serum proteins, diarrhea
67
what are the consequences of larva of Ostertagia ostertagi in the abomasum?
consequences: impaired protein digestion, bacterial overgrowth, diarrhea
68
what does the inflammation of Ostertagia ostertagi result in?
-further loss of parietal & chief cells -mucous neck cell hyperplasia -parietal & chief cells replaced by mucous neck cells (metaplasia) -inc vascular permeability -> epithelium becoming leaky -> loss of serum proteins, diarrhea

Parasitology (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions