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Parasitology LAB > Trematodes > Flashcards

Trematodes Flashcards

1
Q

The infective stage is_____
EXCEPT Schistosomes

A

metacercariae

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2
Q

Classification of Medically Important Trematodes

A

Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Trematoda
Subclass Digenea

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3
Q

Classification of Ova
• Mature

A

Clonorchis
Heterophyids
Opisthorchis

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4
Q

Classification of Ova

Immature

A

• Fasciola
• Fasciolopsis
• Echinostoma
• Paragonimus
• Schistosoma

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5
Q

General Life Cycle of Trematodes

Larvae

A

MS. RC Muñoz

Miracidium
Sporocyst
Redia
Cercaria
Metacercaria

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6
Q

Classification Based on
Location in Man

A

(Blood Flukes)
(Intestinal Fluke)
(Liver Flukes)
(Lung Flukes)

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7
Q

Blood Flukes

A

Schistosoma japonicum
Schistosoma mansoni
Schistosoma haematobium

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8
Q
  • Skin penetration of cercaria
  • Schistosomiasis japonicum or
    Oriental schistosomiasis
A

Schistosoma japonicum

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9
Q

Intestinal Flukes (FEAH)

A
  1. Fasciolopsis buski (Giant Intestinal Fluke)
  2. Echinostoma ilocanum
  3. Artyfechinostomum malayanum
  4. Heterophyid Group
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10
Q
  • ingestion of metacercaria on waterplants
A

Fasciolopsis buski (Giant Intestinal Fluke)

(Fasciolopsiasis)

Fasciola hepatica (Sheep Liver Fluke)

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11
Q
  • ingestion of metacercaria from snails
A

Echinostoma ilocanum

(Echinostomiasis)

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12
Q
  • ingestion of snail with infective stage (snail: Bullastra cumingtiana)
A

Artyfechinostomum malayanum

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13
Q
  • ingestion of metacercaria from fishes
A

Heterophyid Group

(Heterophyidiasis)

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14
Q

Heterophyid Group

A

• H. heterophyes
• M. yokogawai
• H. taichui
• H. yokogawai

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15
Q

Liver Flukes (FCO)

A
  1. Fasciola hepatica (Sheep Liver Fluke)
  2. Clonorchis sinensis (Chinese Liver Fluke)
  3. Opisthorchis felineus (Cat Liver Fluke)
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16
Q
  • ingestion of metacercaria in fish
A

Clonorchis sinensis (Chinese Liver Fluke)

(Clonorchiasis)

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17
Q
  • ingestion of metacercaria in fish
A

Opisthorchis felineus (Cat Liver Fluke)

(Opisthorchiasis)

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18
Q

Lung Flukes

  • ingestion of metacercaria from crabs
A
  1. Paragonimus westermani (Oriental Lung Fluke)

(Paragonimiasis)

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19
Q

BLOOD FLUKES
Schistosome species

A

Schistosoma japonicum : Oriental blood fluke

Schistosoma haematobium: Visceral blood fluke

Schistosoma mansoni: Manson’s blood fluke

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20
Q

Parasitizes portal vein and its branches
Each female fluke deposits 500-2000 immature eggs/day

A

Schistosoma japonicum

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21
Q

Schistosoma japonicum in eternal copula
• Males have a _______ which receives the female during copulation

A

gynecophoral canal

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22
Q

S japonicum ova

A

• Ovoidal, rounded or pear-shaped
• Thin shell
• Pale yellow
• Curved hook / spine or lateral knob
• Laid in the multicellular stage and embryonate within 10-12 days

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23
Q

Schistosome Miracidium

• Hatches from the egg in slightly
alkaline clean water with a temp.
between______-_____
• Free swimming ciliated embryo liberated from the egg
• Phototactic
• Infect snails

A

25 oC to 31oC

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24
Q

Schistosome

Emerges from daughter sporocysts
Escapes from the snail
Has a body and a forked tail
Infects man by skin penetration

A

Cercaria

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25
Q

Schistosome
• Mother ______ develop from miracidium within the snail

Daughter sporocyst develops
from mother sporocyst

________ develop from daughter sporocyst

A

Sporocysts and Cercaria

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26
Q

Develops from cercaria after skin penetration
Adapted to survive in serum or physiologic saline at 37 °C
• Enter the pleural cavity—diaphragm— peritoneal space—penetrate the liver to reach the intrahepatic portions of the portal vein

A

Schistosomule

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27
Q

Schistosoma manson
Ova

A

With Lateral spine

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28
Q

Schistosoma haematobium
Ova

A

• Note the terminal spine
• Eliminated with urine

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29
Q

Blood Flukes: Diagnosis Schistosomiasis

A

Rectal biopsy

Stool Examination Techniques
• Merthiolate-lodine Formalin
Concentration Technique (MIFC)
• Kato Katz Technique

Immunodiagnosis

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30
Q

Sensitive for moderate and heavy infections
Not adequate for light infections (less than 10 eggs/gram of stool)

A

Merthiolate-lodine Formalin
Concentration Technique (MIFC)

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31
Q

For enumeration of eggs
Most commonly used for evaluating epidemiology, effect of control measures, drug trials

A

Kato Katz Technique

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32
Q

LIVER FLUKES

A

Fasciola species
Fasciola hepatica
Sheep Liver Fluke
Temperate Liver fluke
Fasciola gigantica
Giant Liver Fluke
Tropical Liver Fluke

Clonorchis sinensis
(Chinese Liver Fluke)

Opisthorchis felineus (Cat Liver fluke)
Opisthorchis viverrini (South East Asian Liver Fluke)

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33
Q

Adult

Large, flat, brownish 3 x 1.5 cm o With OS and VS
Integument covered with scales; posterior end surface smooth
Alimentary system inverted Y-branched ceca with lateral branches

A

Fasciola hepatica / Fasciola gigantica

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34
Q

OVA
Operculated 140-150 × 65-90 micra (hepatica) 160-190 x 70-90 micra (gigantica)
Light yellow: bile stained
Transparent with thin double walls
Contain lecithin granules (immature)

A

Fasciola hepatica / Fasciola gigantica

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35
Q

Fasciola spp

1st IH

A

1st Intermediate Host

Lymnaea philippinensis
Lymnaea swinhoei

36
Q

Fasciola spp

2nd IH

A

Ipomoea obscura (Kangkong)

Nasturtium officinale (water cress)

37
Q

Fasciola species: Laboratory Diagnosis

A

Microscopy

Serologic tests

(RFLP) Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism

PCR

38
Q

Adult

size 11-20 um x 3- 4.5um
Lanceolate
Translucent and brownish in color

A

Clonorchis sinensis
(Chinese Liver Fluke)

39
Q

Egg

Bile stained with a smooth outer coat and is flask-shape
There are fully developed with miracidia and possess.
Prominent opercular shoulders
Measures 29 um x 16 um

A

Clonorchis sinensis
(Chinese Liver Fluke)

40
Q

Clonorchis sinensis

1st Intermediate Host

A

• Bulimus
• Parafossarulus
• Semiculcoapira
• Alosinma
• Melanoides

41
Q

Clonorchis sinensis

2nd Intermediate Host

A

2nd Intermediate Host
• Fish of the Family
Cyprinidae

42
Q

Clonorchis sinensis : Diagnosis

A

Detection of parasite egg in stool

Clonorchis, Opistorchis and Hetrophyid ova may not be differentiated under ordinary light microscope

ELISA with crude Clonorchis sinensis antigen

Enzyme immunoassay (EIA)
Polymerase Chain Reactions

43
Q

ADULT
• 7-12 um length
• They have two testes lying one behind the other in the posterior portion of the body
• The ovary is anterior to the testes and a uterus is coiled between ventral sucker

A

Opisthorchis felineus (Cat Liver fluke)
Opisthorchis viverrini (South East Asian Liver Fluke)

44
Q

EGG
The egg measure 19-29 um long x
12-17 um wide

They have knob at the abopercular end that may be prominent, inconspicuous, or absent

A

Opisthorchis felineus (Cat Liver fluke)
Opisthorchis viverrini (South East Asian Liver Fluke)

45
Q

Opisthorchis felineus (Cat Liver fluke)
Opisthorchis viverrini (South East Asian Liver Fluke)

1st Intermediate Host

A

• Bithynia

46
Q

Opisthorchis felineus (Cat Liver fluke)
Opisthorchis viverrini (South East Asian Liver Fluke)

2nd Intermediate Host

A

Fish majority belonging to the Family Cyprinidae

47
Q

INTESTINAL FLUKES

A

Fasciolopsis buski

Heterophyid group

Echinostoma ilocanum

48
Q

Giant Intestinal Fluke of man

Parasite of the intestines of humans and pigs

The viable metacercariae excyst in the duodenum and become mature in about three months

A

Fasciolopsis buski

49
Q

MOT of Fasciolopsis buski

A

Mode of transmission is by ingestion of encysted metacercariae on aquatic plants

50
Q

ADULT
• Elongated
• Oval
• 20-75mm in length and 8-20 mm in width
• Covered with spines
• No cephalic cone
• Unbranched intestinal caeca which reach up to the posterior end

A

Fasciolopsis buski

51
Q

OVA
• Yellowish brown
• Ellipsoidal
• 130-140 x 80-85 micra
• With clear thick shell
• Operculated
• Unembryonated when laid

A

Fasciolopsis buski

52
Q

Fasciolopsiasis: Diagnosis

A

• Detection of parasite eggs in stool
• Resemble Fasciola eggs
• Provided with an operculum

53
Q

Enumerate the 4 Heterophyids
• Many species live in the intestine of fish-eating hosts:

A

• Heterophyes heterophyes
• Metagonimus yokogawai
• Haplorchis taichui
• Haplorchis yokogawai

54
Q

ADULT
• Elongate, pyriform and grayish
• 1-1.7 x .3 - 4 mm
• Cuticle covered with scale like spines
• OS small, VS thick walled and muscular
• Genital sucker at left posterior border
• With 2 ovoid testes posterior 5th of body
• Subglobose ovary anterior of testis
• Vitellaria with large polygonal follicles in lateral posterior end

A

Heterophyid group

55
Q

OVA
• Light brown in color
• Ovoid in shape
• Operculated
• A fully developed symmetrical miracidium is already present
• Operculum fits into the egg smoothly
• No abopercular protuberance like that of Clonochis sinensis ovum

A

Heterophyid group

56
Q

MOT of Heterophyids
• Mode of transmission is by ingestion of

A

metacercariae encysted in fish

• Metacercariae in the abdomen excysts, liberating a larva that attaches to the intestinal wall

57
Q

Clonorchis sinensis

1st IH

A

1st Intermediate Host
• Melania juncea
• Thiara riquetti (snails in the brackish water)

58
Q

Clonorchis sinensis

2nd IH

A

2nd Intermediate Host

Chanos chanos(bangus)
Clarias batracus(hito)
Ophiacephalusstriatus (dalag)
Sigamus canalicatus (danggit)
Tilapia nilotica (tilapia)

And many other fishes that live in fresh water, brackish water.

59
Q

Clonorchis sinensis

Laboratory Diagnosis

A

Detection of eggs in the stool using Kato Katz method

Care must be taken to distinguish them from Clonorchis and Opistorchis ova

60
Q

ADULT
Reddish gray
Horseshoe-shape collar of spines (circum oral disk) around the oral suckers
49-51 collar spines
Integument is covered by plaque like scales
Simple intestinal caeca

A

Echinostoma ilocanum

61
Q

Color of Echinostoma ilocanum

A

Reddish gray

62
Q

OVA
Straw-colored
Operculated
Ovoid
Similar to Fasciola and
Fasciolopsis buski ova

A

Echinostoma ilocanum

63
Q

Echinostoma ilocanum ova is same with

A

Similar to Fasciola and
Fasciolopsis buski ova

64
Q

Echinostoma ilocanum

1st IH

A

1st Intermediate Host
• Gyraulus convexiusculus
• Hippeutis umbilicalis

65
Q

Echinostoma ilocanum

2nd IH

A

2nd Intermediate Host
• Pila luzonica (kuhol)
• Vivipara angularis (susong pampang)

66
Q

Echinostoma ilocanum

Laboratory Diagnosis

A

Detection of characteristic eggs in the stool

67
Q

LUNG FLUKES

A

Paragonimus westermani

68
Q

ADULT
• Hermaphroditic
• Body covered with spines
• Reddish brown
• Measures 4-6 mm in width and
3.5-5 mm in thickness
• Resembles a coffee bean
• Adult worms are found in pairs or in threes in fibrotic capsules or cysts in the lungs

A

Paragonimus westermani

69
Q

Paragonimus westermani resembles a

A

Coffee bean

70
Q

OVA
Yellowish brown

Thick-shelled

Operculated with thickened abopercular end

May be seen in the sputum or in feces if the sputum is swallowed

A

Paragonimus westermani

71
Q

MOT of Paragonimus westermani

A

Metacercariae
• Man gets infected after ingestion of raw or insufficiently cooked crabs harboring the metacercariae

72
Q

Paragonimus westermani

1st IH

A

1st Intermediate Host
• Brotia asperata (snail)

Where miracidium develops into 1 sporocyst and 2 redial stages of development

73
Q

Paragonimus westermani

2nd IH

A

2nd Intermediate Host
• Sundathelphusa philippina or
Parathelphusa grapsoides (former name)

Harbors the metacercaria that is infective to man

74
Q

Paragonimus westermani is misdiagnoed with

75
Q

Diagnosis of Paragonimiasis

A

Radiographs aid in diagnosis

Definitive diagnosis is based on the finding of ova in the sputum, stool or less frequently in aspirated material from abscesses or pleural effusions

Multi-dot ELISA

76
Q

PANCREATIC FLUKES

A

Eurytrema pancreaticum

77
Q

Pancreatic fluke
Stout worm with ruffled margins
Oral sucker is larger than the ventral sucker

A

Eurytrema pancreaticum

78
Q

OVA
Operculated
Thick shelled
Dark brown in color
Embryonated when laid

A

Eurytrema pancreaticum

79
Q

Eurytrema pancreaticum

1st Intermediate Host

A

• Macrochlamys indica (snail)

80
Q

Eurytrema pancreaticum

2nd Intermediate Host

A

Technomyrmex deterquens(ant)

81
Q

S .japonicum

Habitat

A

Superior mesenteric vein
(and tributaries)

82
Q

S. mansoni

Habitat

A

Inferior mesenteric vein (and tributaries)

83
Q

S. Haematobium

Habitat

A
  • vesical venous plexus
84
Q

Purpose of knob

A

Attachment and penetration

85
Q

How to see miracodium in kato katz?

A

Add 1% eosin dye

Parasitology LAB (37 decks)

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