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RUSVM Virology Summer 2017 > Treatment, Prevention and Control of Viral Diseases > Flashcards

Treatment, Prevention and Control of Viral Diseases Flashcards

1
Q 
What type of drugs interfere with the ability of a virus to infiltrate a target cell or target different stages of replication/ Synthesis of components required for replication of the virus? 
A. Antibiotics
B. Antimicrobials
C. Antiviral
D. Pesticides
A

C. Antiviral

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2
Q 
During the treatment of viral diseases, what stimulates the immune system? 
A. Antibodies
B. Antigens
C. Interferons
D. Macrophages
A

C. Interferons

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3
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a class of proteins that has antiviral effects and modulate functions of the immune system. 
A.Interferons
B. Antigens
C. Macrophages
D. Antibodies
A

A.Interferons

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4
Q 
When treating viral diseases \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ are synthesized or the administration of natural \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is/are given. 
A. Antigens, antibodies
B. Antibodies, antibodies
C. Antigens, antigens
D. Antibodies, antiserum 
E. Both B and D are correct
A

E. Both B and D are correct
–When treating viral diseases antibodies are synthesized or the administration of natural antiserum (antibodies) are given.

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5
Q

______ drugs are a class of medication used specifically for treating visual infections.

A

Antiviral

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6
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_ has an antiviral activity primarily restricted to herpesviruses. 
A. Acyclovir
B. Oseltamirvir
C. Amantadine
D. Zidovudine or AZT
A

A. Acyclovir

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7
Q

How is acyclovir administered?
A. as an active drug
B. as a prodrug

A

B. as a prodrug

– inactive form.

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8
Q

Acyclovir is used in the treatment of all of the following except:
A. Herpesvirus infections in humans
B. Equine herpesvirus- 1 induced encephalomyelitis
C. Feline herpesvirus 1 induced encephalomyelitis
D. Feline herpesvirus 1 induced corneal ulcers

A

C. Feline herpesvirus 1 induced encephalomyelitis

– corneal ulcers! Not encephalomyelitis in cats.

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9
Q

T/F: Acyclovir is a non-synthetic nucleoside analog of dexyguanosine.

A

FALSE!!
–Acyclovir is a SYNTHETIC nucleoside analog of dexyguanosine. Because it is a synthetic nucleoside analog during herpesvirus replication (via DNA polymerase) the virus is fooled by Ac-P-P-P which resembles G-P-P-P, and inserts Ac-P to newly forming viral DNA instead of G-P! This insertion of Ac-P stops strand synthesis!!

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10
Q

T/F: Acyclovir requires virus enzymes in infected host cell to convert itself into active form, which then interferes with virus replication. This is due to the fact that Acyclovir is a prodrug.

A

True!

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11
Q 
The herpes simplex's DNA polymerase enzyme incorporates the \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ monophosphate into the growing DNA strand as if it were 2-dexoyguanosine monophosphate (a "G" base). Further elongation of the chain is now \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. Viral DNA chain synthesis stops. 
A. Amantadine, possible 
B. Amatadine, impossible
C. Acyclovir, possible 
D. Acyclovir, impossible
A

D. Acyclovir, impossible

(KNOW THIS, HE PUT IT IN THE SLIDES TWICE!)

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12
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ inhibits replication of most strains of influenza A viruses by blocking uncoating of the virus. 
A. Acyclovir
B. Oseltamirvir
C. Amantadine
D. Zidovudine or AZT
A

C. Amantadine

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13
Q 
What ion channel is the target of the antiviral Amatadine? 
A. M1
B. M2
C. M3
D. M4
A

B. M2

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14
Q 
Acyclovir is \_\_\_\_\_ to the \_\_\_\_\_\_ host cell.
A. Toxic, infected 
B. Toxic, uninfected
C. Non- toxic, infected
D. Non- toxic, uninfected
A

D. Non- toxic, uninfected (KNOW THIS QUESTION WELL! HE STATED IT IN THE SLIDES TWICE!)
– A is also true. Acyclovir is toxic to the infected host cell!

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15
Q 
Competitive inhibition of viral \_\_\_\_\_ polymerase, as acyclovir- \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ compete with dGTP for viral DNA polymerase. 
A. DNA, monophosphate 
B. RNA, monophosphate
C. DNA, diphosphate 
D. RNA, diphosphate
E. DNA, triphosphate
F. RNA, triphosphate
A

E. DNA, triphosphate

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16
Q

T/F: One mechanism of antiviral effect of amantadine is that it stops the growing of viral DNA chain, therefore further elongation of the growing viral DNA chain is impossible because amatadine monophosphate lacks the attachment point necessary for the insertion of any additional nucleotides.

A

FALSE!!!
–One mechanism of antiviral effect of ACYCLOVIR is that it stops the growing of viral DNA chain, therefore further elongation of the growing viral DNA chain is impossible because ACYCLOVIR monophosphate lacks the attachment point necessary for the insertion of any additional nucleotides.

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17
Q 
Which of the following drugs is a neuraminidase inhibitor? 
A. Acyclovir
B. Oseltamirvir
C. Amantadine
D. Zidovudine or AZT
A

B. Oseltamirvir (Tamiflu)

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18
Q 
Neuraminidase Inhibitors inhibit neuraminidase [NA] enzyme, which is synthesized by what virus(s)? 
A. Herpesviruses
B. Influenza virus A
C. Pox virus
D. Influenza virus B
E. Both B and D
F. Both A and C
A

E. Both B and D (Influenza virus A and Influenza virus B)

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19
Q

T/F: One mechanism of antiviral effect of acyclovir is competitive inhibition of viral DNA polymerase. The acyclovir triphosphate compete with dGTPs for viral DNA polymerase.

A

True

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20
Q

T/F: Since the enzymes herpesvirus thymidine kinase and herpes virus DNA polymerase are viral enzyme and not found in uninfected host cells, acyclovir cannot be phosphorylated and incorporated into the host DNA.

A

True!

– Acyclovir is NON- toxic to the uninfected host cell! It is only toxic to infected host cells!!

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21
Q 
Which drug inhibits replication of most strains of influenza A viruses by blocking uncoating of the virus? 
A. Acyclovir
B. Oseltamivir
C. Amantadine 
D. Zidovudine
A

C. Amantadine

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22
Q

T/F: Amantadine drug compounds clog the channel and prevent it from pumping protons into the virion.

A

True!

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23
Q 
In the presence of amantadine, viral RNAs remain bound to \_\_\_\_\_\_ and cannot enter the nucleus. Virus replication is inhibited. 
A. M1
B. M2
C. M3
D. M4
A

A. M1

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24
Q 
Which of the following drugs prevents release of virus and spread of infection as the HA (hemagglutinin) of the virus is still bound/ attached to the silica acid containing receptors on surface of already infected host cell. 
A. Acyclovir
B. Oseltamivir
C. Amantadine 
D. Zidovudine
A

B. Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)

25
Q

T/F: Influenza viruses attach to the host cell using it’s HA (hemagglutinin) protein that binds to silica acid receptors.

A

True!

26
Q

T/F: Newly formed influenza viruses exiting the host cell are unable to fully leave because their hemagglutinin (HA) is still bound/ attached to the silica acid containing receptors on the surface of the already infected host cell. This is the mode of action of nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs).

A

FALSE!!!
—Newly formed influenza viruses exiting the host cell are unable to fully leave because their hemagglutinin (HA) is still bound/ attached to the silica acid containing receptors on the surface of the already infected host cell. – this is all true.
However, this is the mode of action of Neuraminidase inhibitors (Oseltamivir [tamiflu]).

27
Q

T/F: Blocking the function of neuraminidase with NA inhibitors is an effective way to treat influenza.

A

True!

28
Q

T/F: Oseltamivir inhibits neuraminidase, therefore, speeds virus spread, giving the immune system the opportunity to “be activated” and mediate virus clearance.

A

FALSE!!!
–Oseltamivir inhibits neuraminidase, therefore, SLOWS virus spread, giving the immune system the opportunity to “CATCH UP” and mediate virus clearance.

29
Q

T/F: Oseltamivir inhibits influenza virus replication.

A

FALSE!!!

  • -Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) is a neuraminidase inhibitor. Influenza virus replicates within the cell, but when it exits the cell (buds out), the HA (hemagglutin) of the virus stays bound to the silica acid receptors on the host cell, thereby allowing the immune system to catch up and slowing virus spread to other cells. It stays attached because the virus enzyme neuraminidase, which would normally free the virus by chopping off the silica acid receptors (the attachment to the host cell), is now inhibited by Oseltamivir.
  • -Amantadine inhibits replication of most strains of influenza A viruses by keeping virus RNAs bound to M1, therefore they are unable to enter the nucleus and replicate.
30
Q 
Which of the following drug(s) is/are nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs)? 
A. Oseltamivir
B. Amantadine
C. Zidovudine (ZDV)
D. Acyclovir 
E. Azidothymidine (AZT)
F. Didanosine (ddI)
G. Both C and E 
H. C, E and F
A

H. C, E and F –Zidovudine (ZDV), Azidothymidine (AZT) and Didanosine (ddI)

31
Q

T/F: ZDV/ AZT belongs to the family of nucleoside analog reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTIs).

A

True!

32
Q 
ZDV/ AZT is the nucleoside analog of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. (i.e. ZDV/ AZT resembles the deoxyribonucleotide containing the base \_\_\_\_\_\_). 
A. Guanine
B. Thymine
C. Adenine
D. Cytosine
E. Uracil
A

B. Thymine

33
Q 
What type of viruses are effected by the drugs ZDV/AZT?
A. Herpesviruses
B. Retroviruses
C. Influenza A 
D. Influenza B
A

B. Retroviruses

34
Q

T/F: ZDV/ AZT mode of action is competitive inhibition of reverse transcriptase activity. AZT- triphosphate/ ZDV- triphosphate competes with thymine deoxyribonucleotide triphosphate for reverse transcriptase.

A

True!

Reverse transcriptase is fooled since AZT-P-P-P / ZDV-P-P-P (triphosphate) resembles T-P-P-P (thymine triphosphate).

35
Q 
Reverse transcriptase inserts \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ into newly formed cDNA chain when using ZDV/ AZT drugs to stop further chain elongation of cDNA. 
A. ZDV/AZT monophosphate
B. ZDV/AZT diphosphate
C. ZDV/AZT triphosphate
D. ZDV/AZT biphosphate
A

A. ZDV/AZT monophosphate
–remember that ZDV/AZT starts off as a triphosphate molecule but before reverse transcriptase inserts in into the newly formed cDNA chain is cleaves 2 phosphates and you are left with ZDV/AZT monophosphate being inserted into the strand. It does this because the drug trick it into thinking it is inserting a Thymine monophosphate into the cDNA strand.

36
Q 
What will the ZDV/AZT monophosphate be bound to (with a double bond) in the newly formed cDNA virus strand? (note: with ZDV/AZT bound chain elongation of the new virus strand stops)
A. Guanine
B. Thymine
C. Adenine
D. Cytosine
E. Uracil
A

C. Adenine

  • -remember that in a normal DNA strand Adenine binds to Thymine (via a double bond) and Guanine binds to Cytosine (via a triple bond); since ZDV/AZT is a nucleoside analog of thymine, it replaces thymine in the cDNA chain, therefore it “acts” in thymines place and would be bound to Adenine via a double bond.
  • –Note: this wasn’t explicitly listed in the powerpoint but was drawn out in his antiviral drug drawings. This question is intended to make you think. It was NOT noted as important.
37
Q 
Which of the following drug(s) has been shown to reduce clinical signs in FIV (+) cats when administered at a dose of 10mg/kg BID, subcutaneously, for a period of 3 weeks.
A. Oseltamivir
B. Amantadine
C. Zidovudine (ZDV)
D. Acyclovir 
E. Azidothymidine (AZT)
F. Didanosine (ddI)
G. Both C and E 
H. C, E and F
A

E. Azidothymidine (AZT)

–the slide stated AZT it did not say ZDV/AZT!

38
Q 
Several proteins bound together (Polyproteins) are \_\_\_\_\_\_ proteins. Protease acts to unbind the proteins into individual proteins which are \_\_\_\_\_\_ proteins. 
A. Functional, Functional
B. Functional, Non- functional
C. Non- functional, Functional
D. Non-functional, Non- functional
A

C. Non- functional, Functional

39
Q 
Proteases are required to cleave the \_\_\_\_\_ polyproteins into functional proteins. 
A. Herpesvirus
B. Influenza A
C. Influenza B
D. HIV
E. Retrovirus
A

D. HIV

40
Q

What do protease inhibitors inhibit?

A

Protease

41
Q

If protease inhibitors act on HIV polyproteins, what happens?
A. The proteins can be cleaved into functional proteins
B. The proteins cannot be cleaved into functional proteins
C. The proteins can be cleaved into non-functional proteins
D. The proteins cannot be cleaved into non-functional proteins

A

B. The proteins cannot be cleaved into functional proteins
–remember protease inhibitors inhibit protease from chopping polyproteins into individual proteins. Therefore, the proteins cannot be cleaved without protease. Polyproteins together are nonfunctional and individual proteins after being cleaved are functional proteins. Therefore if protease inhibitors act on HIV polyproteins, protease is not active so you still have a polyprotein (they are NOT cleaved into individual proteins) and therefore they stay non- functional.

42
Q

T/F: Protease inhibitors bind to the active site of the HIV protease and prevent the enzyme from cleaving HIV polyproteins. As a result, HIV can NOT mature and noninfectious viruses are NOT produced.

A

FALSE!!!

  • -Protease inhibitors bind to the active site of the HIV protease and prevent the enzyme from cleaving HIV polyproteins. (the first sentence is all true).
  • -As a result, HIV can NOT mature and noninfectious viruses ARE produced!!!
  • -remember that protease only cleaves the HIV polyprotein into functional proteins. Protease inhibitors therefore do not let the HIV polyprotein become functional/ mature, it hampers virus replication and formation of MATURE viruses. It doesn’t inhibit their ability to replicate, they just won’t be mature/ functional viruses.
43
Q

All of the following are types of virus vaccines except:
A. Live- Attenuated
B. Non- Replicating
C. Replicating
D. Vaccines produced by Recombinant DNA and related Technologies

A

C. Replicating

44
Q

All of the following are ways live attenuated virus vaccines are produced except:
A. naturally occurring attenuated viruses
B. attenuation of viruses by serial passage in cultured cells
C. attenuation of viruses by serial passage in homologus hosts
D. attenuation of viruses by selection of Cold- Adapted Mutants and Reassortants
E. attenuation of viruses by serial passage in heterologous hosts
F. attenuation of viruses by selection of Hot- Adapted Mutants and Reassortants
G. Both C and F are incorrect
H. Both D and E are incorrect

A

G. Both C and F are incorrect

  • attenuation of viruses by serial passage in homologous hosts (should be heterologous)
  • attenuation of viruses by selection of Hot- Adapted Mutants and Reassortants (Should be Cold- Adapted)
45
Q

Which type of vaccines are produced from inactivated whole virions or from purified native viral proteins?
A. Live- Attenuated Vaccines
B. Non- Replicating Vaccines
C. Replicating Vaccines
D. Vaccines produced by Recombinant DNA and related Technologies

A

B. Non- Replicating Vaccines

46
Q

T/F: Vaccines can NOT be produced by recombinant DNA and related technologies.

A

FALSE!!

–Vaccines CAN BE produced by recombinant DNA and related technologies.

47
Q

Differentiating infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA) can be determined by which of the following:
A. Subunit ‘marker vaccines’ DIVA vaccines
B. If antibodies/antigens to other parts of the pathogen, not included in the vaccine, are detected, then the animal has been infected with the pathogen.
C. If only antibodies/ antigen to the vaccine subunit are detected, the animal has not been infected.
D. An accompanying diagnostic test allows us to actually make the differentiation.
E. all of the above are ways in which to DIVA

A

E. all of the above are ways in which to DIVA

48
Q

T/F: The subunit ‘marker’ vaccines/ DIVA vaccines have only a portion (subunit) of the pathogen in the vaccine, therefore it has more antigens than natural strains.

A

FALSE!!!
–The subunit ‘marker’ vaccines/ DIVA vaccines have only a portion (subunit) of the pathogen in the vaccine, therefore it has LESS antigens than natural strains.

49
Q 
Which of the following applies to animals/ persons who are know to be ill with a contagious disease, and therefore need to be separated because they are showing clinical signs and/ or tested positive by diagnostic tests for a contagious disease. 
A. Quarantine
B. Culling
C. Isolation
D. Jail time
A

C. Isolation

50
Q 
Which of the following applies to separating an animal that was exposed to a contagious disease, even if it does not show clinical signs, and/ or tests negative by diagnostic tests. Note: this is not effective with diseases involving chronically infected healthy shedders. 
A. Quarantine
B. Culling
C. Isolation
D. Jail time
A

A. Quarantine

51
Q 
Which of the following are ways to reduce contact potential with a contagious disease? 
A. Quarantine
B. Culling
C. Isolation
D. Jail time
E. A, B and C
A

E. A, B and C

–Quarantine, Culling, and Isolation

52
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a term used to describe a process or treatment that renders a medical device, instrument, or environmental surface safe to handle. 
A. Sterilization
B. Disinfection
C. Decontamination 
D. Antisepsis
A

C. Decontamination

53
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ describes a process that destroys or eliminates all forms of microbial life/ Pathogens, including highly resistant pathogens, such as Bacteria with spores. 
A. Sterilization
B. Disinfection
C. Decontamination 
D. Antisepsis
A

A. Sterilization

54
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ describes a process that eliminates many or all pathogenic microorganism, except bacterial spores, on inanimate objects.
A. Sterilization
B. Disinfection
C. Decontamination 
D. Antisepsis
A

B. Disinfection

55
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_ is less effective than \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, because it does not kill all microorganisms. 
A. Sterilization, Decontamination
B. Sterilization, Disinfection
C. Decontamination, Sterilization
D. Disinfection, Sterilization
A

D. Disinfection, Sterilization

56
Q 
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is the application of a liquid antimicrobial chemical to skin or living tissue to inhibit or destroy microorganisms. 
A. Sterilization
B. Disinfection
C. Decontamination 
D. Antisepsis
A

D. Antisepsis

57
Q

All of the following are sterilization methods except:
A. Moist heat
B. Chemical methods
C. Sterile filtration
D. Dry heat
E. Radiation
F. The premise is false, all of the above are methods of sterilization

A

F. The premise is false, all of the above are methods of sterilization

58
Q 
All of the following are sterilization methods except: 
A. Autoclave
B. Gases like Ethylene oxide, Ozone
C. Hot air oven
D. Microfiltration using membrane filters
E. Non- ionizing: Gamma rays, X- rays 
F. Ionizing: Ultraviolet Radiation 
G. Both E and F are false 
H. Both B and D are false
A

G. Both E and F are false

    • they are switched!
  • -Non-ionizing: Ultraviolet Radiation and Ionizing: Gamma rays, X-rays.

–Note: Autoclave is a form of moist heat sterilization, hot air oven is a form of dry heat sterilization, Gases like Ethylene oxide, Ozone are forms of chemical method sterilization, Non-ionizing: Ultraviolet Radiation and Ionizing: Gamma rays, X-rays are forms of radiation sterilization, and microfiltration using membrane filters is a form of sterile filtration sterilization method.

59
Q 
All of the following are ways to prevent and control viruses except: 
A. Vaccination
B. Reduce contact potential 
C. Decontamination 
D. Antisepsis
E. Sterilization
F. Disinfection
G. All of the above are ways to prevent and control viruses
A

G. All of the above are ways to prevent and control viruses

RUSVM Virology Summer 2017 (23 decks)

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