Family: Poxviridae (Part 1 and 2) Flashcards
T/F: Poxviruses are small, sometimes enveloped, DNA viruses with complex structure (symmetry).
FALSE!!
–Poxviruses are LARGE, sometimes enveloped, DNA viruses with complex structure (symmetry).
T/F: Most pox viruses are pleomorphic, typically bullet- shaped and posses an irregular surface of projecting tubular or globular structures.
FALSE!!!
- -Most pox viruses are pleomorphic, typically BRICK- shaped and posses an irregular surface of projecting tubular or globular structures.
- -Remember rabies virus is bullet shaped, not pox viruses.
T/F: Members of the genus Orthopoxviruse are ovoid, covered with long thread- like surface tubules. Which appear to be arranged in crisscross fashion, resembling a ball of yarn.
FALSE!!
- -Members of the genus PARAPOXVIRUSE are ovoid, covered with long thread- like surface tubules. Which appear to be arranged in crisscross fashion, resembling a ball of yarn.
- -Orthopoxviruses are brick shaped and look like they have rod shaped bacteria throughout it.
Which of the following is/are forms of distinct infectious poxvirus particle(s)? A. Intracellular mature virus B. Intracellular Immature virus C. Extracellular enveloped virus D. Extracellular naked virus E. Both A and C F. Both A and D G. Both B and D
E. Both A and C
–Intracellular mature virus and Extracellular enveloped virus are both infectious forms of poxvirus particles.
What membrane(s) does the extracellular form of poxvirus contain? A. Inner Membrane B. Envelope C. It is naked and contains no membranes D. Both A and B
D. Both A and B
–extracellular form of poxvirus contains both an inner membrane and an envelope
T/F: Virions of poxviruses that are released from cells by budding, rather than by cellular disruption, acquire the extra envelope that contains virus encoded- proteins from the HOST cell membrane.
True!
How do Intracellular mature poxvirus virions exit the host cell?
A. Budding
B. Disruption of host cell
C. Apoptosis
B. Disruption of host cell
The intracellular mature viral particles (IMV- intracellular mature virions) of poxviruses contain what membrane(s)? A. Inner Membrane B. Envelope C. It is naked and contains no membranes D. Both A and B
A. Inner Membrane ONLY!!
All of the following are properties of pox viruses except:
A. Do not conform to icosahedral or helical symmetry. They have a complex symmetry.
B. The virion outer layer encloses a dumbbell-shaped core and one lateral body
C. The core contains viral DNA, together with several proteins
D. Poxviruses have more than 200 genes in their genomes, and as many as 100 of these encode proteins that are contained in the virions.
B. The virion outer layer encloses a dumbbell-shaped core and one lateral body
–The virion outer layer encloses a dumbbell-shaped core and TWO LATERAL BODIES!!
The genome of poxviruses consists of a single molecule of linear \_\_\_\_\_- stranded \_\_\_\_\_. A. Single stranded, DNA B. Single stranded, RNA C. Double stranded, DNA D. Double stranded, RNA
C. Double stranded, DNA
T/F: Many proteins encoded by the poxvirus genome are enzymes involved in nucleic acid synthesis and virion structural components.
True!
T/F: The poxviruses also encode proteins that specifically counteract host adaptive and innate immune responses.
True!
Replication of poxviruses occurs predominantly, if not exclusively, in the host cell \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. Nucleus B. Cytoplasm C. Mitochondria D. Endoplasmic Reticulum
B. Cytoplasm
T/F: Like many other DNA viruses, poxviruses can replicate in the cytoplasm because they evolved to encode the enzymes required for transcription and replication of the viral genome.
FALSE!!!
–UNLIKE MANY OTHER DNA VIRUSES, poxviruses can replicate in the cytoplasm because they evolved to encode the enzymes required for transcription and replication of the viral genome.
After poxviruses replicate, enveloped virions are released by ____1____ or _____2_____ and non enveloped viruses are released by _____3______.
A. 1.Budding, 2.Cell lysis, 3.Exocytosis
B. 1. Exocytosis, 2. Budding, 3. Cell lysis
C. 1. Cell lysis, 2. Exocytosis, 3. Budding
B. 1. Exocytosis, 2. Budding, 3. Cell lysis
Most poxvirus virions are \_\_\_\_\_\_ and are released by \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. enveloped, budding B. non-enveloped, budding C. enveloped, cell lysis D. non- enveloped, cell lysis
D. non- enveloped, cell lysis
Which of the following poxvirus virion(s) is/are infectious? A. enveloped B. non- enveloped C. Both A and B are both infectious D. Neither A or B are infectious
C. Both A and B are both infectious
– enveloped and non-enveloped poxviruses are infectious.
Poxvirus _________ virions are taken up by the cells more readily and appear to be more important in the spread of virions through the body of the animal.
A. Enveloped
B. Non-enveloped
A. Enveloped
T/F: The virion of a poxvirus is an enveloped particle that differs significantly from other enveloped viruses.
True!
Unlike other enveloped viruses, poxviruses show a \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ environmental stability and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ infectious. A. low, do not remain B. high, do not remain C. low, remain D. high, remain
D. high, remain
– Unlike other enveloped viruses, poxviruses show a high environmental stability and remain infectious over a period of several months in an ambient environment.
Due to their \_\_\_\_\_\_ lipid content, poxviruses are \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ sensitive to organic solvents/ disinfectants compared to other enveloped viruses. A. Low, highly B. Low, less C. High, highly D. High, less
B. Low, less
Poxviruses show an extraordinary ______ resistance to drying.
A. High
B. Low
A. High
Poxviruses can survive for many years in what?
A. Dried scabs
B. other virus- laden material
C. Both A and B
D. The premise is false, poxviruses can not survive for many years.
C. Both A and B
– Dried scabs and other virus-laden material
All of the following are routes of transmission of Poxviruses except:
A. Respiratory route
B. Aerosol route/ Inhalation.
C. Mechanically transmitted by biting arthropods
D. Intact skin
D. Intact skin
—Poxviruses cannot infect intact skin. Contact of infectious material with broken or lacerated skin is a common route of poxvirus transmission.
Sheep pox virus is most likely to be transmitted via what route?
A. Aerosol route/ Inhalation (Respiratory route)
B. Mechanically transmitted by biting arthropods
C. lacerated skin
A. Aerosol route/ Inhalation (Respiratory route)
Myxoma virus and avipoxviruses are most likely to be transmitted via what route?
A. Aerosol route/ Inhalation (Respiratory route)
B. Mechanically transmitted by biting arthropods
C. lacerated skin
B. Mechanically transmitted by biting arthropods
Which of the following transmissions is a very common route of poxvirus transmission. (Choose the answer that is MOST correct)
A. Aerosol route/ Inhalation (Respiratory route)
B. Mechanically transmitted by biting arthropods
C. lacerated skin
C. lacerated skin
All of the following are the pathogenesis and immunity of poxviruses except:
A. Many poxviruses are host specific
B. Occasionally, poxviruses cause systemic diseases in birds and wild animals.
C. Parapoxviruses infect a wide range of species
D. Poxviruses are highly Epitheliotropic, causing cutaneous (skin) lesions.
C. Parapoxviruses infect a wide range of species
—Orthopoxviruses infect a wide range of species
How does the poxvirus usually gain access to the systemic circulation? A. via portal vein B. via pulmonary artery C. via lymphatic system D. Intracellularly through gap junctions
C. via lymphatic system
\_\_\_\_\_\_ viremia disseminates the poxvirus back to the skin and to other target organs. A. Primary B. Secondary C. Tertiary D. Quaternary
B. Secondary
T/F: There are degenerative changes in the epithelium when there is a skin lesion due poxvirus infections.
True!
Rupture of the pustule of a poxvirus can predispose the host to what? A. other viruses entering the host B. primary bacterial infection C. secondary bacterial infection D. parasites entering the host
C. secondary bacterial infection
T/F: When infected with a poxvirus ulceration may develop.
True!
T/F: Poxvirus cannot survive in dried scabs for many months or years.
FASLE!!!
–Poxvirus CAN survive in dried scabs for many months or years.
Which of the following skin lesions in a poxvirus infection is in the order of occurrence:
A. pustule –> vesicle–> macule –> papule –> scab –> ulcer(complication) or healing (scar)
B. vesicle –> pustule –> macule –> papule –> scab –> ulcer(complication) or healing (scar)
C. papule –> macule –> vesicle –> pustule –> scab –> ulcer(complication) or healing (scar)
D. macule –> papule –> vesicle –> pustule –> scab –> ulcer(complication) or healing (scar)
D. macule –> papule –> vesicle –> pustule –> scab –> ulcer(complication) or healing
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a raised and red. It has more marked inflammation and invasion of neighboring tissues. A. Pustule B. Ulcer C. Macule D. Papule E. Vesicle F. Scar
D. Papule
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is flat and red. It has local inflammation, immune response and infiltrating leukocytes. A. Pustule B. Ulcer C. Macule D. Papule E. Vesicle F. Scar
C. Macule
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ is a small blister. The microbe invades the epithelium. A. Pustule B. Ulcer C. Macule D. Papule E. Vesicle F. Scar
E. Vesicle
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ protrudes the most from the epithelium. A. Pustule B. Ulcer C. Macule D. Papule E. Vesicle F. Scar
A. Pustule
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ epithelium ruptures and the microbe is discharged. A. Pustule B. Ulcer C. Macule D. Papule E. Vesicle F. Scar
B. Ulcer
If there is healing from the skin lesion caused by a poxvirus infection, this will form: A. Pustule B. Ulcer C. Macule D. Papule E. Vesicle F. Scar
F. Scar
Cowpox is endemic where? A. United States B. Europe C. Asia D. Both B and C E. Both A and C
D. Both B and C
–Cowpox is endemic ONLY in Europe and Asia!
T/F: Cowpox is Zoonotic.
True!!
Which of the following is/are the host(s) for cowpox virus? A. Wild and Domestic Cats B. Humans C. Cattle D. Zoo animals E. A, B and C F. All of the above
F. All of the above
– Hosts for Cowpox include: Cattle, Wild and Domestic Cats, Humans, Zoo animals, etc.
What is the reservoir host for cowpox? A. Cattle B. Domestic Cats C. Rodents D. Humans
C. Rodents
What subfamily are the poxviruses for vertebrates in?
A. Entomopoxvirinae
B. Chordopoxvirinae
B. Chordopoxvirinae
How many genera are within subfamily Chordopoxvirinae? A. 6 B. 7 C. 8 D. 9
C. 8
Subfamily Chordopoxvirinae causes disease in all of the following except: A. Humans B. Birds C. Animals D. Insects
D. Insects
All of the following are genus' of subfamily Chordopoxvirinae except: A. Orthopoxvirus B. Parapoxvirus C. Avipoxvirus D. Capripoxvirus E. Leporipoxvirus F. Suipoxvirus G. Poxviridae H. Molluscipoxvirus I. Yatapoxvirus
G. Poxviridae
–Poxviridae is the family name! Chordopoxvirinae is the subfamily and the rest of the choices are the genus’ within the subfamily.
All of following are ways in which cowpox in cattle can be transmitted except:
A. Cow to cow, through milker’s hands or teat cups
B. Sucking calves from infected mother
C. Mechanically via a mosquito vector
D. Infected farm cats
E. Rodent reservoir’s
C. Mechanically via a mosquito vector
Cowpox in cattle causes economic losses to farmers due to inconvenience in milking because of soreness and mastitis resulting from what? A. parasite invasion B. primary bacterial infection C. secondary bacterial infection D. secondary viral infection
C. secondary bacterial infection
All of the following are clinical findings of cowpox in cattle, except:
A. Cows may be mildly febrile
B. Vesicles are always evident and may rupture readily
C. Sucking calves may develop lesions in their mouth
D. Papules appear on the teats and udder
E. After a vesicle ruptures it leaves a raw ulcerated area that forms a scabs.
B. Vesicles are always evident and may rupture readily
– Vesicles may NOT BE EVIDENT or may rupture readily, leaving raw, ulcerated areas that form scabs.
What is the usual route of transmission of cowpox in cats?
A. skin inoculation, probably through a bite or skin wound
B. Oro- Nasal route
C. Infection via a cow
D. Respiratory
A. skin inoculation, probably through a bite or skin wound
– This is the USUAL route of infection however, can possibly have transmission by Oro- Nasal route as well.
All of the following are possible routes of transmission of cowpox in cats except:
A. skin inoculation, probably through a bite or skin wound
B. Oro- Nasal route
C. Infection via a cow
D. Rodents
C. Infection via a cow
T/F: with the transmission of cowpox in exotic felids (like cheetahs), may have evidence of viral pneumonia.
True!
Which of the following is an example of a primary cowpox lesion in a feline?
A. mild conjunctivitis
B. ulcers becoming covered by scabs
C. lesions on the head, neck and forelimb
D. No clinical signs of primary lesions
C. lesions on the head, neck and forelimb
T/F: Most affected cats (with cowpox) do not have a history of a single primary skin lesion.
FALSE!!
–Most affected cats DO have a history of a single primary skin lesion, usually on the neck, head and forelimb.
T/F: The primary lesion of cowpox in a feline can vary from small, scabbed wound to a large abscess.
True!
All of the following clinical signs of secondary lesions in a feline infected with cowpox, except:
A. Many cats show no signs other than skin lesions, but ~20% develop mild coryza or conjunctivitis
B. After the primary lesion appears, widespread secondary lesions begin to appear
C. The ulcers soon become covered by scabs and healing is usually complete by 6 months.
D. Complication can result from secondary bacterial infection.
C. The ulcers soon become covered by scabs and healing is usually complete by 6 months.
–The ulcers soon become covered by scabs and healing is usually complete by 6 WEEKS! (not months!)
Transmission of cowpox in humans is not likely to be caused by:
A. direct contact to a “cuddly” infected cat
B. Rodents and zoo animals (but it is rare)
C. Arthropod bite
D. Very minimal chance of getting it from a cow
C. Arthropod bite
T/F: It is not common to have transmission of cowpox to humans. This is because the virus is not commonly found in cattle.
True!
All of the following are possible clinical signs of cowpox in humans, except:
A. Macropapular lesions on hands and face.
B. Lesions developing into vesicular and then ulcerative lesions
C. shrunken local lymph nodes
D. Fever
E. Vomiting
F. Sore throat
C. shrunken local lymph nodes
– should be enlarged local lymph nodes!!
-All the other answers are possible clinical signs of cowpox in humans: Macropapular lesions on hands and face. Later developing into vesicular and then ulcerative lesions. Patients may report Fever, Vomiting, and Sore throat
Which of the following viruse(s) are orthopoxviruses? A. herpesvirus B. Monkeypox C. Pseudocowpox D. Cowpox E. Both C and D F. Both B and D
F. Both B and D
– cowpox and monkeypox viruses!
T/F: monkeypox in humans is a viral zoonosis with symptoms in humans similar to those seen in the past in smallpox patients.
True!
All of the following are routes of transmission in humans of monkeypox virus, except:
A. In Africa, human infections have been documented through the handling of infected monkey, rats or squirrels.
B. Primary infection of humans results form direct contact with the blood, bodily fluids, or rashes of infected animals
C. Secondary transmission is human- to - monkey
D. Secondary transmission results form close contact with infected respiratory tract excretions, with the skin lesions of an infected person or with recently contaminated objects.
E. The premise is false, all of the following are routes of transmission in humans of monkeypox virus.
C. Secondary transmission is human- to - monkey
–Secondary transmission is human- to - human
Which viruse(s) are within genus Parapoxviruses? A. Pseudocowpox B. Cowpox C. Contagious Ecthyma/ Orf virus D. Sheeppox E. Goatpox F. Both A and B G. Both A and C H. Both D and E
G. Both A and C
— Pseudocowpox and Contagious Ecthyma/ Orf virus
Which of the following is a viral skin disease that causes mild sores on the teats and udders of cattle, and can also infect humans and the condition is commonly referred to as Milker's Nodule. A. Pseudocowpox B. Cowpox C. Contagious Ecthyma/ Orf virus D. Sheeppox E. Goatpox
A. Pseudocowpox
T/F: Pseudocowpox is a not a zoonotic virus.
FALSE!!
–Pseudocowpox is a Zoonotic virus! It causes Milker’s Nodules in humans.
What is the epidemiology of Pseudocowpox?
A. It is reported from Asia only
B. It is reported from Europe and Asia only
C. It is reported from Europe, Asia and the US
D. It is reported from most countries
D. It is reported from most countries
All of the following are ways pseudocowpox is transmitted, except:
A. Source of infection is the infected cattle
B. Contaminated milker’s hands, teat cups
C. Calves get infected during sucking infected teats
D. Semen of bulls
E. Biting insects may transmit the virus
F. The premise is false, all of the above are ways pseudowopox is transmitted
F. The premise is false, all of the above are ways pseudowopox is transmitted
The pathogenesis of pseudocowpox in a cow leads to lesions that are characterized by what?
A. hypoplasia of squamous epithelium
B. hyperplasia of squamous epithelium
C. hypoplasia of stratified squamous epithelium
D. hyperplasia of stratified squamous epithelium
B. hyperplasia of squamous epithelium
–Pseudocowpox pathogenesis leads to lesions characterized by hyperplasia of squamous epithelium.
What are the clinical signs of pseudocowpox in cattle?
A. Infections that are severe
B. Infections that are mild
C. No infection is noted
B. Infections that are mild
What is the order of the acute lesions of pseudocowpox in cattle?
A. Papules –> Vesicle or Pustule –> Erythema –> Rupture –> Thick scab
B. Erythema –> Vesicle or Pustule –> Papule –> Rupture –> Thick scab
C. Erythema –> Papule –> Vesicle or Pustule –> Rupture –> Thick scab
D. –> Papule –> Vesicle or Pustule –> Erythema–> Rupture –> Thick scab
C. Erythema –> Papule –> Vesicle or Pustule –> Rupture –> Thick scab
Where is papule, caused by pseudocowpox in cow typically located? A. The ear B. The anus C. The treats D. The hooves
C. The treats
T/F: Pseudocowpox acute lesions cause cattle to have a thick scab that is 0.5-2cm in diameter, that becomes elevated due to accumulation of granulation tissue.
True!
After 7-10 days, the thick scab caused by pseudocowpox drops off the cows teat, leaving a small \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ - shaped ring of small scabs surrounding a small wart- like granuloma. A. Brick B. Bullet C. Horseshoe D. Nutmeg
C. Horseshoe
All of the following are ways in which Pseudocowpox can be diagnosed, except:
A. Horseshoe-shaped ring like lesion - that is pathognomonic for the disease
B. Isolation and detection of the virus by various diagnostic laboratory methods from vesicular fluid or form teat skin
C. Detection by various diagnostic laboratory methods from an ear swab
D. All of the above are ways in which Pseudocowpox can be diagnosed
C. Detection by various diagnostic laboratory methods from an ear swab
All of the following will be on your differential diagnosis list with Pseudocowpox, except:
A. Vesicular stomatitis
B. Udder impetigo (bacterial dermatitis characterized by the development of small pustules on the skin of the udder and teats
C. Bovine herpesvirus ulcerative mammilitis
D. Cowpox virus
E. Teat chaps and frostbite
F. Black spot (a form of hyperkeratosis)
G. Feline herpesvirus ulcerative mammilitis
G. Feline herpesvirus ulcerative mammilitis
—Feline herpesvirus does not cause ulcerative mammilitis, and is not in cattle.
All of the following are ways in which you can treat Pseudocowpox in cattle, except:
A. Removal of scabs
B. Burn the scabs to prevent environmental contamination
C. Application of an emollient ointment after milking
D. Application of astringent preparation before milking
E. Both A and B are not ways to treat pseudocowpox in cattle
F. Both C and D are not ways to treat pseudocowpox in cattle
G. The premise is false, all of the above are ways in which you can treat pseudowcopox in cattle
F. Both C and D are not ways to treat pseudocowpox in cattle
- C. Application of an emollient ointment after milking
- D. Application of astringent preparation before milking
- They are reversed!! Should say: Application of an emollient ointment BEFORE milking! and Application of astringent preparation AFTER milking!
Which of the following is incorrect regarding cowpox compared to pseudocowpox?
A. Cowpox and pseudocopox are both zoonotic
B. Cowpox is endemic only in Europe and Asia, but Pseudocowpox is reported from most countries.
C. Cowpox can be transmitted via biting insects and Pseudocowpox can be transmitted by rodents
D. Both Cowpox and pseudocowpox cause lesions on the teats of cows
E. All of the above are correct
C. Cowpox can be transmitted via biting insects and Pseudocowpox can be transmitted by rodents
–Cowpox can be transmitted by rodents, it is the reservoir host for cowpox. Pseudocowpox can be transmitted by biting insects!
All of the following are characteristic of chronic lesions of pseudocowpox in cattle, except:
A. Commences as erythema
B. Skin is corrugated
C. Yellow- gray, soft scurfy scats which are rubbed off during milking
D. Severely painful
E. Lesion may persist for months
F. All of the above are characteristic of chronic lesions of pseudocowpox in cattle
D. Severely painful
—there is NO pain associated with chronic lesions!
Which of the following can be used to prevent pseudocowpox in cattle?
A. Isolation and treatment of infected cows
B. Reduce teat trauma, as injuries to skin of teat predisposes cow to infection
C. Disinfection
D. Use a iodophor teat dip
E. A, B and C
F. All of the above
F. All of the above
Pseudocowpox cause all of the following in humans, except:
A. Milker’s Nodule- mild skin lesions
B. Lesions varying from multiple vesicles to a single, indurated nodule
C. Lesions on the hands of dairy farmers milking teats or vets treating infected cows
D. Abortion
D. Abortion
Contagious Ecthyma is also known as: A. Sheeppox B. Goatpox C. Orf D. Cowpox
C. Orf
What is the etiology of Contagious Ecthyma? A. It is of genus Orthopoxvirus B. It is of genus Parapoxvirus C. Orf virus D. Both B and C
D. Both B and C
–Orf virus, Genus Parapoxvirus
What is/are the host(s) for Contagious Ecthyma (Orf Virus)? A. Cattle B. Sheep C. Goats D. Horses E. Both A and D F. Both B and C
F. Both B and C
–Sheep and Goats; Primarily in Lambs and Goat Kids!
Where is Contagious Ecthyma (Orf Virus) found? A. Europe Only B. Asia Only C. both Asia and Europe D. Worldwide E. Europe, Asia and the US
D. Worldwide
All of the following are ways in which Contagious Ecthyma (Orf Virus) can be transmitted, except:
A. Scabs that fall off from the healing lesions that contain the virus
B. Contaminated instruments, like docking instruments ear- tagging plier can transmit the virus
C. Primarily through damaged skin
D. Lambs or Kids get oral lesions from nursing from dams with teat lesions.
E. Kids or Lambs with oral lesions can give dams the virus when suckling
F. All of the above are ways in which Contagious Ecthyma (Orf Virus) can be transmitted
F. All of the above are ways in which Contagious Ecthyma (Orf Virus) can be transmitted
T/F: Contagious Ecthyma (Orf Virus) is stable in the environment and remains highly infectious for long periods under dry conditions.
True!
T/F: Contagious Ecthyma (Orf Virus) is stable in the environment and remains highly infectious for long periods of time under dry conditions, but it is not spread rapidly in the flock.
FALSE!!!
– Its spread in a flock is very rapid!!
All of the following are the pathogenesis of Contagious Ecthyma (Orf Virus), except:
A. Damage of skin is essential to establish infection
B. The skin reaction to viral infection consists of a cellular response with necrosis and sloughing of the affected epidermis and underlying stratum papillary of the dermis.
C. The lesions evolve from papule –> macule –> vesicle –> pustule –> ulcers –> scab formation
D. The cutaneous response to infection includes a delayed- type hypersensitivity reaction and an influx of inflammatory cells.
C. The lesions evolve from papule –> macule –> vesicle –> pustule –> ulcers –> scab formation
– The lesions evolve from macule –> papule –> vesicle –> pustule –> ulcers –> scab formation—KNOW THIS ORDER IT IS REPEATED THROUGHOUT MULTIPLE LECTURES!!!
Where do the first lesions of Contagious Ecthyma (Orf Virus) develop? A. epithelial junction B. muzzle C. buccal mucosa D. mucocutaneous junction
D. mucocutaneous junction
In Contagious Ecthyma (Orf virus) AFTER the first lesions develop where do they spread to?
A. muzzle, nostrils and feet
B. muzzle, nostrils, and eyes
C. muzzle, nostrils, and surrounding hairy skin of the buccal mucosa
D. muzzle, nostrils, and surrounding hairy skin of the thoracic inlet
C. muzzle, nostrils, and surrounding hairy skin of the buccal mucosa
All of the following are some clinical signs of Contagious Ecthyma (Orf virus) due to oral lesions, except:
A. Weight loss, due to difficultly taking food
B. Respiratory issues
C. Mastitis
D. Anorexia
E. All of the following are clinical signs due to oral lesions
B. Respiratory issues
–they can get mastitis due to secondary infections after an infected goat kid or a lamb suckles on the dams teats.
T/F: Affected lambs or kids sucking ewes or goats may result in lesions on teats, which may predispose the infected animal to secondary bacterial infection, and result in mastitis.
True!
In Contagious Ecthyma (Orf virus) all of the following are lesions seen in sever cases, except:
A. Genital lesions
B. Oral lesions
C. Coronet (feet) lesions
D. Ear lesions
E. All of the above are lesions seen in sever cases of Contagious Echyma
B. Oral lesions
- -Severe cases may show lesions in the genitals, coronets (feet) and ears. Lesions in feet may result in lameness and lesions in scrotum may cause infertility. (this is what the slide listed for severe)
- -therefore it is assumed that since oral lesions are typical of the virus, they are not classified as being a severe case of the virus.
T/F: The scabs from Contagious Ecthyma (Orf virus) drop off and the underlying tissues heal without scarring if there are no complications.
True!
In Contagious Ecthyma (Orf virus) the scab typically falls off unless there is a complication. Which of the following is/are complication(s) that can arise? A. Ectoparasitic infections B. Endoparasitic infections C. Secondary bacterial infections D. Both A and C E. Both B and C F. All of the above
D. Both A and C
–Ectoparasitic infections (from invasion of lesion by fly larvae) and Secondary bacterial infections.
T/F: A malignant form of Contagious Ecthyma (Orf virus) has been observed in goats.
FALSE!!!
–A malignant form of Contagious Ecthyma (Orf virus) has been observed in SHEEP!!
All of the following are true in regards to vaccination of animals for Contagious Ecthyma (Orf virus), except:
A. Vaccine is prepared from suspension of scabs in glycerol saline and is painted onto a small area of scarified skin inside the thigh, where a localized lesion develops
B. The vaccine should be used only on farms that have a problem, and in no circumstances on a farm that does not have a problem
C. Local reactions on vaccinated lambs indicates viability of the vaccine, lambs should be inspected 1 week after vaccination
D. Vaccinations offers long- lasting immunity
F. In problem flocks/ herds, the lambs/ kids may need to be vaccinated
E. All of the above are true
D. Vaccinations offers long- lasting immunity
–Vaccination DOES NOT offer long- lasting immunity, only last ~1-2 years!
T/F: Vaccination of Contagious Ecthyma (Orf virus) in ewes should occur right after lambing.
FALSE!!
–Vaccination of Contagious Ecthyma (Orf virus) in ewes should occur BEFORE lambing. (approximately 7-8 weeks before lambing)
Orf virus in humans can cause all of the following except:
A. Secondary bacterial infections of lesions (which may cause complications)
B. mild skin lesions on hands knows as Milker’s Nodule
C. Macro- papular lesions and large modular lesions in finger, hand, arm, face and even the penis
D. All of the above can occur in humans
B. mild skin lesions on hands knows as Milker’s Nodule
–This occurs in humans with pseudocowpox infection.
All of the following are viruses within genus Capripoxvirus except:
A. Sheep Pox
B. Lumpy Skin Disease (of cattle)
C. Swine Pox
D. Goat Pox
E. All of the above are within genus Capripoxvirus
C. Swine Pox
–This is in genus Suipoxvirus
Where are Sheep pox and Goat pox endemic? A. Asia and parts of Europe B. Asia, parts of Europe and the US C. Asia, Africa and parts of the US D. Asia, Africa and parts of Europe
D. Asia, Africa and parts of Europe
T/F: Sheep pox and Goat pox are believed to be strains of the same virus.
FALSE!!!
–Sheep pox and Goat Pox viruses were once believed to be strains of the same virus, but genetic sequencing has now demonstrated them to be separate viruses.
All of the following are true for sheep pox and goat pox virus, except:
A. SPV and GPV are closely related to lumpy skin disease virus in cattle, but there is no evidence LSDV causes disease in sheep and goats
B. SPV and GPV can be distinguished from each other with geological techniques, including viral neutralization
C. Most strains are host specific and cause severe clinical disease in either sheep or goats, while some strains have equal virulence in both species.
D. SPV and GPV can be distinguished via genetic sequencing
E. All of the above are true
B. SPV and GPV can be distinguished from each other with geological techniques, including viral neutralization
–SPV and GPV CAN NOT be distinguished from each other with geological techniques, including viral neutralization!! They can only be distinguished by genetic sequencing!
Which route of transmission is the most important for Sheep pox and Goat pox viruses? (choose the answer that is most correct)
A. mechanical transmission by biting arthropods
B. mucous membrane or abraded skin, especially by direct contact with contaminated iatrogenic materials
C. respiratory tract by aerosol route
D. All of the above are equally important in the transmission of sheep and goat pox viruses.
C. respiratory tract by aerosol route
–Mechanical transmission by biting arthropods, and mucous membrane or abraded skin, especially by direct contact with contaminated iatrogenic materials are both routes of transmission but are not the MOST IMPORTANT ROUTE of transmission!
T/F: Sheeppox and Goatpox viruses are highly contagious.
True!
Sheep pox and Goatpox viruses is/ are present in which of the following secretions for several weeks after infection? A. Urinary B. Nasal C. Feces D. Oral E. Both A and C F. Both B and D
F. Both B and D
–Nasal and Oral
T/F: Sheeppox and Goatpox viruses can survive in dry scabs for months.
True!
T/F: Sheep pox virus is a SYSTEMIC DISEASE.
True! KNOW THIS HE SPECIFIED IT WAS IMPORTANT!!
All of the following are pathogenesis of sheep pox virus, except:
A. The incubation period is followed by a leukocyte- associated viremia
B. The virus localizes in the skin and other internal organs
C. Deposition of immune- complexes results in severe necrotizing vasculitis develop in arterioles and post capillary venules of the skin (Type- I Hypersensitivity)
D. Results in ischemic necrosis of dermis and overlying epidermis
E. All of the above are pathogenesis of sheep pox virus
C. Deposition of immune- complexes results in severe necrotizing vasculitis develop in arterioles and post capillary venules of the skin (Type- I Hypersensitivity)
–Deposition of immune- complexes results in severe necrotizing vasculitis develop in arterioles and post capillary venules of the skin (TYPE III- HYPERSENSITIVITY)
T/F there are two forms of disease in sheep pox: malignant form and benign form.
True!
All of the following are clinical signs of the malignant form of sheep pox virus except:
A. Seen in lambs and susceptible nonnative breeds like Merino
B. Pox lesions develop on the skin and on buccal, respiratory, digestive and urinary tract mucosae
C. Pox lesions extend to pharynx, larynx, lungs, vagina, abomasum and spleen.
D. Secondary pneumonia is common
E. Abortion is rare
F. Cutaneous nodules are distributed widely over the body. The nodules, occasionally become vesicular, pustular and finally scab.
G. There is a low mortality rate and fatality rate
H. All of the above are examples of the malignant form of sheep pox virus
G. There is a low mortality rate and fatality rate
–There is a HIGH mortality rate and fatality rate
Lesions healing from the malignant form of sheeppox virus have what type of shape scar free of hair or wool? A. Horseshoe B. Star C. Circular D. Oval
B. Star
–Lesions heal leaving a star-shaped scar, free of hair or wool
All of the following are clinical signs of the benign form of sheep pox virus except:
A. Only skin lesions occur
B. More common in adults and resistant breeds
C. Severe systemic reaction occurs
D. all of the above are clinical signs of the benign form of sheep pox virus.
C. Severe systemic reaction occurs
– NO, or VERY MILD systemic reaction!
T/F: Sheeppox virus is a notifiable disease in most countries of the world.
True!
Which of the following is false regarding vaccination of sheeppox virus?
A. Vaccine is prepared from suspension of scabs in glycerol saline and is painted onto a small area of sacrificed skin inside the thigh.
B. Killed vaccines elicit, at best, temporary protection
C. Live attenuated vaccines offer excellent protection > 1 year
D. A large variety of commercial vaccines are now available, including a subunit vaccine.
E. all of the above are true regarding vaccination of sheeppox virus
A. Vaccine is prepared from suspension of scabs in glycerol saline and is painted onto a small area of sacrificed skin inside the thigh.
– this is vaccination of Orf virus (Contagious Ecthyma)
Where does goatpox virus occur? A. Asia and parts of Europe B. Asia, parts of Europe and the US C. Asia, Africa and parts of the US D. Asia, Africa and parts of Europe
D. Asia, Africa and parts of Europe
– same as in sheeppox virus!
T/F: Goatpox virus is a reportable disease, and it is clinically similar to sheeppox. Young kids suffer systemic disease and a milder form of disease is seen in adults.
True!
Lumpy Skin disease is included under what genus of Pox viruses? A. Parapoxviruses B. Capripoxvirus C. Orthopoxvirus D. Suipoxvirus
B. Capripoxvirus
Which animal is the host for Lumpy Skin disease? A. Goats B. Sheeps C. Cattle D. Swine E. Equine
C. Cattle
What is the distribution of lumpy skin disease?
A. Enzootic in sub- Saharan Africa and Middle East with recent incursion in Iraq
B. Epizootic in sub- Saharan Africa and Middle East with recent incursion in Iraq
C. Epidemic in sub- Saharan Africa and Middle East with recent incursion in Iraq
D. Lumpy skin disease has been eradicated
A. Enzootic in sub- Saharan Africa and Middle East with recent incursion in Iraq
How is lumpy skin disease transmitted? A. Arthropod vector B. Sexually transmitted C. Direct- contact D. both A and B E. both A and C
E. both A and C
–Arthropod vector and Direct- contact
What is the most common transmission method for lumpy skin disease?
A. Arthropod vector
B. Sexually transmitted
C. Direct- contact
A. Arthropod vector
All of the following are clinical finding for lumpy skin disease, except:
A. multiple nodular lesions on skin and mucous membrane
B. Fever
C. Lymphadenopathy
D. All of the above are clinical ficlinical finding for lumpy skin disease in cattle
D. All of the above are clinical ficlinical finding for lumpy skin disease in cattle
What is the etiology of swine pox? A. Asia, Africa, US B. member of genus Suipoxvirus C. Middle East, Iraq, Europe D. member of genus Capripoxvirus
B. member of genus Suipoxvirus
– both A and D are examples of distribution NOT etiology, but neither are the distribution for swine pox
What is the distribution of Swine pox? A. Worldwide B. Asia, parts of Europe and the US C. Asia, Africa and parts of the US D. Asia, Africa and parts of Europe
A. Worldwide
– It is worldwide with sporadic disease!
What is the host(s) for swine pox? A. Cattle B. Pigs C. Horses D. Both A and B
B. Pigs
T/F: Generally Swinepox has a high case fatality in congenitally infected and very young sucking piglets and is malignant with high mortality and high morbidity in older pigs.
FALSE!!!
–Generally Swinepox has a high case fatality in congenitally infected and very young sucking piglets and is BENIGN with LOW mortality and LOW morbidity in older pigs.
All of the following are ways swinepox is transmitted, except:
A. Direct contact associated with skin injury
B. Mechanical transmission by pig louse, Haematopinus suis (lice- that can carry the virus for weeks or months)
C. Transplacental infection of neonatal pigs
D. Mechanical transmission by flies and insects.
E. All of the above are ways swinepox is transmitted
E. All of the above are ways swinepox is transmitted
T/F: Swinepox virus can survive in scab for many years.
True!
All of the following are clinical sings of swinepox, except:
A. Typical pox lesions
B. Skin lesions may occur anywhere, but most obvious on skin of the abdomen and inner aspects of thighs.
C. Exudative epidermis (greasy pig disease) and secondary bacterial dermatitis occasionally occur as a sequel to swine pox.
D. In severe infections, especially in congenitally- acquired pox infections (where piglets are born with or develop lesions over the entire body shortly after birth), lesions may occur in upper respiratory and digestive tracts.
E. All of the above are clinical signs of swinepox
E. All of the above are clinical signs of swinepox
Which of the following are ways to control Swinepox? A. Eradication of lice from piggery B. Vaccination C. Both A and B D. There is no way to control swinepox
A. Eradication of lice from piggery
–There is no commercially available vaccine
What is the etiology of Fowlpox?
A. Member of genus Parapoxvirus and is the first virus to be grown in embryonate eggs.
B. Member of genus Avipoxvirus and is the first virus to be grown in embryonate eggs.
C. Member of genus Parapoxvirus and is the second virus to be grown in embryonate eggs.
D. Member of genus Avipoxvirus and is the second virus to be grown in embryonate eggs.
B. Member of genus Avipoxvirus and is the first virus to be grown in embryonate eggs.
T/F: Fowlpox is highly infectious disease of poultry and turkeys.
True!
What is the distribution of Fowlpox? A. Worldwide B. Asia, parts of Europe and the US C. Asia, Africa and parts of the US D. Asia, Africa and parts of Europe
A. Worldwide
All of the following are ways in which fowlpox can be transmitted except:
A. within a flock through minor wounds and abrasions in mouth, comb, wattles, or skin as a result of fighting, pecking or other injuries
B. Aerosol
C. Mechanically by mosquitoes, lice, and ticks
D. Vertical transmission
D. Vertical transmission
What is/ are the form(s) of disease in fowlpox? A. Diphtheritic form B. Ocular form C. Cutaneous form D. Both A and C E. All of the above
E. All of the above
– Diphtheritic form is the wet form; Cutaneous form is the dry form
Which form of the disease is the most common in fowlpox? A. Diphtheritic form B. Ocular form C. Cutaneous form D. They are equal
C. Cutaneous form
All of the following are clinical signs of the Cutaneous form of disease for fowlpox, except:
A. Low mortality
B. Lesions occasionally develop on legs, feet and around cloaca
C. Nodules become yellowish and process to a thick scab
D. Probably results form injecting by biting arthropods, or mechanical transmission to injured or lacerated skin
E. In uncomplicated cases, affected birds recover
F. Causes a sharp fall in egg production
G. Small papules on comb, wattles, and around the beak
H. Probably caused by droplet infection
H. Probably caused by droplet infection
–this is the cause of the Diphtheritic form (wet form) ; Cutaneous form is the dry form
All of the following are clinical signs of the Diphtheritic form of fowlpox, except:
A. Prognosis is poor
B. Lesions, as they coalesce, result in a necrotic pseudomembrane, which may cause death by asphyxiation
C. Lesions occasionally develop on legs, feet and around cloaca
D. Involves infection of mucous membranes of mouth, pharynx, larynx, and sometimes trachea
E. Probably caused by droplet infection
F. All of the above are clinical signs of the Diphtheritic form of fowlpox
C. Lesions occasionally develop on legs, feet and around cloaca
–This is a clinical sign of the Cutaneous (dry) form!
What are the clinical signs of the ocular form of fowlpox?
A. Cheesy exudate accumulates under the eyelids
B. Conjunctivitis
C. Keratitis
D. Both A and B
E. Both A and C
F. All of the above
D. Both A and B
- -Cheesy exudate accumulates under the eyelids and Conjunctivitis
- these were the only two noted in the powerpoint slides
How can fowlpox be controlled?
A. Recombinant fowlpox vectored vaccines
B. Control mosquito population and other biting insects
C. Modified live fowlpox or pigeon pox virus vaccines of chicken embryo or avian cell culture origin are available commercially
D. All of the above are ways in which fowlpox can be controlled
D. All of the above are ways in which fowlpox can be controlled
Eosinophilic Granular Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies are known as \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_, and are apart of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_. A. Borrel bodies, Suipoxvirus B. Bollinger bodies, Suipoxvirus C. Borrel bodies, Avipoxvirus D. Bollinger bodies, Avipoxvirus
D. Bollinger bodies, Avipoxvirus
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ bodies occur inside Bollinger bodies and are minute spherical bodies obtained by tryptic digestion of Bollinger bodies. A. Barrel B. Borrel C. Brick D. Bullet
B. Borrel
Ulcerative dermatosis of sheep is transmitted via?
A. infection through damaged skin
B. coitus
C. Vectors such as mosquitos, ticks, and lice
D. Both A and B
E. Both B and C
F. All of the above
D. Both A and B
–Infection through damaged skin, or by coitus (sexual intercourse)
T/F: The lesions of Ulcerative Dermatosis of sheep are usually ulcers with a raw center, but do not bleed easily.
FALSE!!
–The lesions of Ulcerative Dermatosis of sheep are usually ulcers with a raw center THAT BLEED EASILY.
In what way(s) does Ulcerative Dermatosis in sheep manifest clinically? A. Venereal form B. Lip and Leg Ulceration C. Wet form D. Ocular form E. both A and B F. Both B and C
E. both A and B
–Venereal form and Lip and Leg Ulceration.
Which virus venereally transmits ulceration of the prepuce and penis or vulva? A. Sheeppox B. Goatpox C. Ulcerative Dermatosis in sheep D. Swinepox
C. Ulcerative Dermatosis in sheep
T/F: A ram may become unfit for natural breeding when infected with ulcerative dermatosis.
True!
All of the following are true in regards to ways Poxviruses can be diagnosed, except:
A. Electron microscopy: characteristic morphology and size of poxviruses. Orthopoxviruses are ovid and Parapoxviruses are brick shaped.
B. Sampling Material: Scraping form skin lesions, Vesicular fluid, Crusts, Scabs.
C. Clinical signs
D. Inoculation in embryonate egg
E. Serological Assays, such as ELISA
F. Detection of poxvirus nucleic acid by PCR
G. Histopathology
H. all of the following are true.
A. Electron microscopy: characteristic morphology and size of poxviruses. Orthopoxviruses are ovid and Parapoxviruses are brick shaped.
–Orthopoxviruses are BRICK SHAPED! Parapoxviruses are OVID SHAPED! —think that Parapoxviruses kind of look like a Pineapple via Electron Microscopy!
T/F: One diagnosis of pox viruses is via pox lesions on the Chorioallantoic membrane [CAM].
True!
Which genus of pox viruses does NOT multiply in chicken embryo? A. Orthopoxvirus B. Parapoxvirus C. Capripoxvirus D. Suipoxvirus E. Avipoxvirus
B. Parapoxvirus
T/F: Presence of characteristic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies is a way to diagnose pox viruses. Most pox viruses induce the presence of Type- B (Guarnieri) inclusion bodies, which are slightly basophilic and composed of viral particles and protein aggregates.
True!
Type A (ATI) inclusion bodies are common in? A. Avipoxvirus infections B. Cowpox virus infections C. Ectomelia virus D. Both A and B E. Both B and C
E. Both B and C
–Cowpox and Ectomelia virus
Type A inclusion bodies are \_\_\_\_\_\_: A. Slightly basophilic B. Strongly basophilic C. Slightly esoinophilic D. Strongly esoinophilic
D. Strongly esoinophilic
–Type B (Guarinieri) inclusion bodies are Slightly basophilic! (Think: B goes with B!)
