Introduction to Virology

Question 1

Virology

Answer 1

The study of viruses and viral diseases

Question 2

Virologist

Answer 2

Someone who studies viruses

Question 3

Veterinary Virology

Answer 3

The study of viruses in Non- Human Animals

Question 4

3 reasons why Veterinary Virology is Important

Answer 4

1. Viruses cause high rates of mortality and morbidity in animals and birds
2. Viral diseases in animals and birds cause tremendous financial losses to the livestock and poultry industries, hampering the economic development of a country
3. Some viruses are zoonotic (can be transmitted from animals or birds to humans)

Question 5

Viruses are…

Answer 5

1. Non- living entities
2. Contain nucleic acid genome (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat (and in some cases other layers of material such as a lipid envelope)
3. Do NOT possess standard cellular organelles
4. Can NOT make energy or proteins by themselves (they have to rely on the host cell)
5. Obligate intracellular parasites
6. Do NOT have the genetic capability to multiply by division – the process of virus reproduction resembles an assembly line

Question 6

Virion

Answer 6

A COMPLETE VIRUS PARTICLE that consists of an RNA or DNA core with a protein coat sometimes with external envelopes and that is the extracellular infective form of a virus

Question 7

Virus

Answer 7

Broad general terminology used to describe ANY ASPECT OF THE INFECTIOUS AGENT.
Could refer to any of the following:
- the infectious virion
- The inactivated virus particle
- The viral nucleic acid and protein in the infected cell

Question 8

Viroid

Answer 8

An infectious particle smaller than any of the known viruses, an AGENT OF CERTAIN PLANT DISEASES.

Question 9

What does a viroid consist of?

Answer 9

The particle consists only of an extremely small circular RNA molecule, LACKING THE PROTEIN COAT OF A VIRUS.
—note a viroid is an agent of certain plant diseases.

Question 10

Edward Jenner

Answer 10

CREATED THE VACCINE FOR “SMALLPOX”
- by inoculating “cowpox matter” repeatedly into the arm of a healthy 8 year old boy, who became immune and did not succumb to smallpox.

Question 11

Louis Pasteur

Answer 11

CREATED “RABIES” VACCINE
- by injecting dried, potassium hydroxide treated, infected rabbit brain material in two boys bitten by rabid dogs and both of them recovered.

Question 12

Dimitri Ivanovski

Answer 12

He showed that pathogens were able to pass through the CHAMBERLAND FILTER (filter that has pores smaller than bacteria) and the collected filtrate could still cause disease.
– the virus that was able to pass through was the TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS

Question 13

Fredrick Loeffler
and
Paul Frosch

Answer 13

Passed the first animal virus through a similar filter to chamberland filter and DISCOVERED THE CAUSE OF FOOT AND MOUTH DISEASE!

Question 14

Walter Reed

Answer 14

Discovered YELLOW FEVER is transmitted through mosquitoes

Question 15

Peyton Rous

Answer 15

Isolated the first tumor- causing animal virus

–ROUS SARCOMA VIRUS

Question 16

Ernst Ruska
and
Max Knoll

Answer 16

Invented the ELECTRON MICROSCOPE

Question 17

Woodgruff, Goodpasture and Burnet

Answer 17

Successfully propagated the first virus - FOWLPOX VIRUS INTO AN EMBRYONATE HEN’S EGG!!

Question 18

Sanford

Answer 18

Culture of isolated mammalian cells

Question 19

Enders

Answer 19

Growth of poliovirus in cell culture

Question 20

Dulbecco and Vogt

Answer 20

Plaque assay for first animal virus- poliovirus

Question 21

What virus was the first to be successfully propagated into an embryonate egg?

Answer 21

Fowlpox virus

Question 22

What is ONLY animal disease declared globally eradicated?

Answer 22

Rinderpest

Question 23

What is the ONLY human disease declared globally eradicated?

Answer 23

Smallpox

Question 24

Martinus Beijerinck

Answer 24

Called filtered infectious substance a “virus” = the beginning of VIROLOGY!