Trauma Lecture 6 Flashcards
the 8 cranial bones
- frontal
- sphenoid
- ethmoid
- parieta
- temporal
- occipital
soft-tissue injury
scalp lacerations
bone injuries
- linear skull fracture
- depressed skull fracture
- basilar skull fracture
brain injuries
- traumatic brain injury
- increased intracranial pressure (ICP)
- bleeds
- concussion
- cerebral contusion
scalp lacerations
- scap has a rich blood supply
- there may be more serious, deeper injuries
types of skull fractures
- linear skull fracture
- depressed skull fracture
- open skull fracture
basilar skull fracture
indicates significant force
* raccoon ees
* battle’s sign
traumatic brain injuries (TBI)
insult to the brain capable of producing physical, intellectual, emotional, social, and vocation changes
primary traumatic brain injuries
the immediate from bruising or penetrating objects
secondary traumatic brain injuries
from hypoxia or lack perfusion of the brain
coup-countrecoup injury
hit and counter hit from trauma
cerebral edema
brain swelling
epidural hematoma
- direct trauma to the brain
- arterial bleeding - quick
- lucid interval
subdural hematoma
- deceleration forces
- bleeding beneath the dura
- venous bleeding - slower
- decreased LOC, slurred speech
subarachnoid bleeding
- subarachnoid space - where the CSF is located
- meningeal irritation - neck rigidity, headache
monro-kellie doctrine
- squeezes brain out of the cranial cavity
- increase blood and blood pressure
signs and symptoms of increased intercranial pressure
- headache
- nausea and vomiting
- decreased responsiveness
- sluggish or nonreactive pupils
- cheyne-stokes respirations
- decrased pulse rate
- posturing
herniation syndrome
increased intercranial pressure with brainstem herniation
signs and symptoms of herniation syndrome
- hypertension
- bradycardia
- irregular respiratory pattern
treatment for herniation syndrome
controlled hyperventilation
* ventilate 20 breaths per minute in adults
* capnography 30-35 mmHg
concussion
- brain injury
- temporary loss or alteration in brain function without physical damage
- unconsciousness, confusion, or amnesia
- 90% of concussions do not experience a loss of consciousness
cerebral contusion
- brain can sustain bruise when skull is struck
- there wil be bleeding and swelling
- increase the pressure in the skull
complications of head injuries
- seizure
- assess for hypoglycemia, alcohol, drugs
types of spinal cord injuries
- flexion injury
- hypextension injury
- compression fracture
- flexion-rotation injury
signs and symptoms of spinal cord injuries
- pain
- tenderness
- weakness/numbness
- paraplegia
- parasthesia (pins and needles)
- incontinence
- priapism in males
apply a cervical collar to blunt force trauma patients with:
- altered level of consciousness
- midline neck or back pain or deformity
- numbness or weakness in any extremity
- distracting injuries which impairs the patient’s ability to contribute to a reliable examination
signs and symptoms of spinal cord injuries (pediatrics)
- altered mental status
- neck pain
- numbness or motor weakness
- high speed motor vehicle collision
- diving injury
- substantial torso injury
helmet removal
- maintain a neutral inline position
- assess and manage the airway
- remove if concern with airway management
facial trauma
priority is airway control
neck trauma
4-sided occlusive dressing and bleeding control
