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EMT Class > Cardiology Lecture 4 > Flashcards

Cardiology Lecture 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

coronary artery disease

A

inability to deliver oxygenated blood because of plaque build up

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2
Q

goals of management of cardiac compromise

A
  • increase oxygen supply, if needed
  • decrease oxygen demand (decrease workload of heart)
  • minimize and prevent and further damage
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3
Q

acute coronary syndrome

A

any condition causing sudden, reduced blood flow to the heart muscle
* stable angina
* unstable angina
* myocardial infarction

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4
Q

unmodifiable risk factors for actue coronary syndromes

A
  • age
  • sex
  • ethnicity
  • family history
  • pregnancy
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5
Q

modifiable risk factors for actue coronary syndromes

A
  • hypertension
  • diet
  • obesity
  • smoking
  • excessive alchol use
  • stress
  • high blood sugar
  • physical inactivity
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6
Q

types of chest pain

A
  • midsternal or substernal chest pain
  • pain radiating from the chest to the scapula, neck, jaw or the left or right arm
  • “heartburn” or “indigestion”
  • non-traumatic left arm pain
  • pressure, squeezing or crushing pain
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7
Q

angina pectoris

A
  • “chest pain”
  • inadequacy of oxygen to the heart muscle
  • oxygen demand exceeds supply, causing anaerobic metabolism and lactic acid buildup
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8
Q

symptoms of stable angina

A
  • temporary
  • occurs upon exertion
  • resolves with rest and or medication (aspirin, nitro)
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9
Q

symptoms of unstable angina

A
  • constant
  • does not resolve
  • more likely to be a myocardial infarction
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10
Q

myocardial infarction

A
  • heart attack
  • sudden blockage of the coronary artery and prolonged ischemia
  • results in death of myocardial tissue
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11
Q

signs and symptoms of myocardial infarction

A
  • chest pain (pressure)
  • radiating pain
  • nausea and or vomiting
  • dyaphoresis: excessive sweat
  • dyspnea
  • weakness
  • hypotension
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12
Q

complications of myocardial infarction

A
  • dysrhythmias (irregular heart rhythm)
  • acute pulmonary edema and or heart failure
  • cardiogenic shock
  • cardic arrest: sudden death
  • over 800, 00 MI, 179,000 of those are dead
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13
Q

cardiac chest pain treatment

A
  • perform a thorough assessment
  • oxygen, if shortness of breath
  • treat for shock if present
  • Aspirin, Nitroglycerin
  • 12 lead EKG
  • transport to a cardiac center
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14
Q

steps in definitive care

A
  • STEMI receiving facility
  • cardiac cath lab
  • “clot-busting” medication
  • angioplasty
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15
Q

congestive heart failure

A
  • failure of the ventricles to keep up with the blood returning to the atriums
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16
Q

congestive heart failure

A
  • blood backs up through the pulmonary veins
  • fluid is forced out of the capillaries into the alveoli: pulmonary edema
17
Q

risk factors of congestive heart failure

A
  • lifetime of hypertension
  • following a myocardial infarction
  • valve disease
18
Q

signs and symtptoms of right side heart failure

A
  • peripheral edema
  • swollen feet
  • distended jugular veins
19
Q

signs and symptoms of left sided heart failure

A
  • pulmonary edema
  • tripod position
  • drowning
  • cyanosis
  • increased heart rate and respiratory rate
20
Q

cardiogenic shock

A
  • pump problem caused by damage to heart muscle, dysrhythmias
  • drop in stroke volume causing poor prefusion
  • blood flow backups
  • pulmonary edema
21
Q

complications of cardiogenic shock

A
  • drop in stroke volume causing poor perfusion
  • blood flow backsup
  • pulmonary edema
22
Q

acute aortic aneurysm

A

defect in wall of aorta leading to shearing and balloon effect which obstructs blood flow

23
Q

risks of acute aortic aneurysm

A
  • hypertensive male between ages 40 and 70 years
  • connective tissue diseases
  • blunt force trauma
24
Q

signs and symptoms of acute aortic aneurysm

A
  • unequal radial and femoral pulses
  • unequal blood pressure
  • pulsating mass if abdominal
  • shock (hypoperfusion)
25
Q

signs and symptoms of chronic hypertension (HTN)

A
  • systolic blood pressure above 130 mmHg
  • unless sudden significant increase, no significant symptoms
  • significant risk factor for MI, CHF, aortic aneurysm, renal failure
26
Q

signs and symptoms of emergency hypertension

A
  • sudden increase in SBP above 180
  • strong, bounding pulse
  • ringing in the ears
  • nausea and vomiting
  • dizziness
  • warm skin (dry or moist)
  • nosebleed
  • altered mental status
  • “flash” pulmonary edema
27
Q

indications for 12-lead EKG

A
  • chest pain
  • non-traumatic jaw, neck, upper back pain
  • heart palpitations
  • syncope or near syncope
  • weakness
  • pulmonary edema
  • feeling of impending doom
28
Q

obtaining a 12 lead EKG

A
  • 12 views of the left ventricle
  • changes in electrical activity
29
Q

setting up a 12 lead EKG

A
  1. aerate the skin with an alcohol prep pad
  2. apply electrode

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