Cardiology Lecture 1

Question 1

Components of the Cardiovascular System

Answer 1

• blood (fluid)
• blood vessels (pipes or container)
• heart (pump)

Question 2

Components of Blood

Answer 2

• 45% red blood cells (erythrocytes): hemoglobin and oxygen
• plateletes (thrombocytes): clotting
• white blood cells (leukocytes): monocytes, basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils
• 54% plasma: transport medium

Question 3

Blood Volume for an Adult

Answer 3

average 4-6 liters for an adult

Question 4

Perfusion

Answer 4

flow of oxygenated blood throughout the body and to the cells

Question 5

Blood Distribution at Any Given Moment

Answer 5

• 30% of the blood in your systemic circulation will be found in the arteries
• 5% in the capillaries
• 65% in the vein

Question 6

Arteries

Answer 6

carry blood from the heart to all body tissues

Question 7

Arterioles

Answer 7

smallest branches of arteries leading to the vast network of capillaries

Question 8

Coronary Arteries

Answer 8

blood vessels that carry blood and nutrients to the heart

Question 9

Veins

Answer 9

carry blood from the tissues to the heart

Question 10

Venules

Answer 10

smallest branches of veins leading to the vast network of capillaries

Question 11

Superior vena cava

Answer 11

carries blood returning from the head, neck, shoulders, and upper extremities

Question 12

Inferior vena cava

Answer 12

carries blood returning from he abdoment, pelvis, and lower extremities

Question 13

Valves

Answer 13

prevent backflow
* when AV valves open, semulinar valves close
* when semilunar valves open, AV valves close

Question 14

Semilunar valves

Answer 14

located at the right and left ventricle
* aortic valve
* pulmonic valve

Question 15

Artioventricular (AV) valves:

Answer 15

located at the right and left atrium
* mitral valve (bicuspid)
* tricuspid valve

Question 16

Capillaries

Answer 16

small blood vessels that connect arterioles and venules; various substances pass through capillary walls, into and out of interstitial fluid, and then on to the cells

Question 17

Diastole

Answer 17

the relaxation, or period of relaxation, of the heart, especially the ventricles

Question 18

Systole

Answer 18

the contraction, or period of contraction of the heart, especially that of ventricles

Question 19

Circumflex artery

Answer 19

one of two branches of your left main coronary artery that delivers oxygenated blood to the back and side of the heart’s left chambers

Question 20

Left anterior descending artery

Answer 20

largest coronary artery that delivers oxygenated blood to the front of the heart’s left chambers

Question 21

Left coronary artery

Answer 21

supplies blood to the left side of the heart muscle

Question 22

Right coronary artery

Answer 22

supplies blood to the right side of the heart muscle

Question 23

Preload

Answer 23

volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole (end diastolic pressure)

Question 24

Increase in Preload

Answer 24

• hypervolemia
• regurgitation of cardiac valves
• heart failure

Question 25

Afterload

Answer 25

resistance left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood

Question 26

Increased in afterload

Answer 26

* hypertension * vasoconstriction

Question 27

Parasympathetic

Answer 27

decreases heart rate, relaxes heart

Question 28

Sympathetic

Answer 28

increases heart rate, induces heart

Question 29

Automaticity

Answer 29

cells can contract without nerve impulses, the heart itself can conduct

Question 30

Baroreceptors

Answer 30

receptors that detect pressure

Question 31

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Answer 31

inherent rate of 60-100/min

Question 32

Atrioventrikular (AV) node

Answer 32

inherent rate of 40-60/min

Question 33

Purkinje fibers

Answer 33

inherent rate of 20-40/min

Question 34

Stroke volume

Answer 34

amount of blood ejected by the heart in one cardiac cycle (50-100 mL)

Question 35

Cardiac output (CO)

Answer 35

amount of blood pumped by the heart in one minute (stroke volume X heart rate)

Question 36

Peripheral vascular resistance (PVR)

Answer 36

resistance to blood flow due to the peripheral blood vessels (blood pressure = cardiac output X peripheral vascular resistance)

Question 37

Dysrythmia

Answer 37

inadequate heart rate

Question 38

Tachycardia

Answer 38

fast heart rate

Question 39

Bradychardia

Answer 39

slow heart rate

Question 40

Atherosclerosis

Answer 40

cholesterol and calcium build up inside the walls of the blood vessels, forming plaque, which eventually leads to a partial or complete blockage of flow

Question 41

Ischemia

Answer 41

a lack of oxygen that deprives tissues of necessary nutrients, resulting from partial or complete blockage of blood flow; potentially reversible because permanent injury has not yet occurred

Question 42

Infarction

Answer 42

death of a body tissue, usually caused by interruption of its bloody supply